Pipehnes repairs

The use of full-encirclement steel sleeves for pipehne repair was developed during work led by Kiefner at BatteUe Laboratories in the early 1970s (Kiefner and Duffy, 1974 Kiefner et al., 1978). There are two basic types of fuU-encirclement steel sleeves Type A and Type B (Figures 4.1—4.3). 

For a composite material to prevent a defect in a pipeline from rupturing, the defect must typically plastically deform in the process of the load being transferred to the composite material. This concept may not be well understood by many users of composite repair materials for pipehne repair. Defects in brittle pipe material or brittle seam welds may only be able to tolerate a very small amount of plastic strain, which composite repairs are unable to protect against, before the defect grows and fails. 

In this section, we will present several case studies of Clock Spring repair applications within the onshore pipehne repairs. 

Patrick, A.J., 2004. Composites — Case Studies of Pipehne Repair Applications. Clock Spring Company L.P. 

Alexander, C., Ochoa, O.O., 2010. Extending onshore pipehne repair to offshore steel risers with carhon-fiher reinforced composites. Composite Stmctures 92, 499—507. http //dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.compstmct.2009.08.034. 

DueU, J.M., Wilson, J.M., Kessler, M.R., 2008. Analysis of a carbon composite overwrap pipehne repair system. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping 85, 782—788. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2008.08.001. 

Kessler, M.R., Walker, R.H., Kadakia, D., Wilson, J.M., DueU, J.M., Goertzen, W.K., 2004. Evaluation of carbon/epoxy composites for structural pipehne repair. In The Fifth International Pipehne Conference, IPC2044. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp. 1427—1432. 

Several factors influence the selection of a pipehne repair method. Generally, new technologies are not readily accepted by O G operators because, in the absence of established service track records, the risk of hydrocarbon loss in the event of failure is deemed to be imacceptably high. Moreover, the severity of the pipeline damage, location, operating and environmental conditions, fluid composition, cost and urgency for repair aU contribute to the ultimate selection of a repair method. 

C. Ringas, J.M. Leeds, P. Osthuizen, The appKcation of DC voltage-gradient technology to accurately determine buried pipehne rehabilitation requirements, in Pipeline Risk Assessment, Rehabilitation and Repair Conference, Houston, Texas, September 12-15, 1994, organized by Pipeline Industry and Pipes Pipelines International. 

The only alternative to the adhesive method for underwater pipelines repair is replacement. The cost of construction of underwater mains crossing large rivers amounts to 10-50 milhon dollars. The cost of repair by the adhesive method is 10-50 thousand dollars. These data were obtained for repair of pipehne junctions through the Volga, Yenisei, and Moscow rivers, and for operations in the Okhotsk Sea, in swamps near the river Goryn (Belarus), in Bulgaria (Stevis Corporation), and from other projects. 

Applications where high rehabihty is requested and the repairs are very expensive (underground pipehnes, wind farms). 

Hutson, A., Long, S., Payne, J., Zarghamee, M.S., 2012. Can it handle the pressure Condition assessment, stmctural evaluation, and repair of an existing 72 inch PCCP pipehne. In ASCE Pipelines Conference 2012, Miami, FL, pp. 1203—1213. 

Ehsani, M., 2012a. A new generation of FRP laminates for repair of pipelines in gas industry. In ASCE Pipehnes Conference, Miami, FL, August 2012. 

Table 4.1 is an excerpt from the Pipehne Research Council International (PRCI) Pipeline Repair Manual (Jaske et al., 2006), which provides an overview of pipeline... 

One of the claimed advantages of composite repairs over steel sleeves is that their installation requires no welding to an in-service pipeline. It is clear from the previous discussion that the installation of Type A sleeves, which can serve the same purpose as composite repairs, also requires no welding to an in-service pipeline. Welds that do not contact the carrier pipe are not considered to be in-service welds according to Appendix B of API 1104 (API Standard 1104, 2005), even though longitudinal seam welds are made while the pipehne is in service. 

Alexander, C., Francini, B., State of the art assessment of composite systems used to repair transmission pipehnes. Stress Engineering Services, Inc. and Kiefiier Associates, Inc., Proceedings of IPC2006,6th International Pipeline Conference, IPC2006—10484, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, September 25—29, 2006. 

Alexander, C., Overview and recent advances in application of composite materials for repair of transmission pipehnes evaluation of test results and ongoing research. Stress Engineering Services, Inc., Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Pipelines Conference, Pittsburgh, October 2009. 

Bruce, W.A., A simple approach to hot tap and repair sleeve welding. Evaluation and Rehabihtation of Pipehnes, Clarion Technical Conferences and Scientific Surveys Ltd, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, October 19—22, 2009. 

Courtesy of University of Miskolc, Hungary (2001). Final report on experimental work accomplished in 2001 under the framework contract entitled Testing and assessment of pipes, welded joints and repairs of transmission pipehnes (Appendix 4/2001 to the contract) based on the commission of MOL Hungarian Oil and Gas Pic. 

ASME PCC-2 Article 4.1, Non-metaUic Composite Repair System for Pipehnes and Pipework High Risk Applications, 2006. 

NACE 07-144—Guidelines for Repairing Damaged Pipehnes using Composite Materials—C Alexander, Nashville TN, March 2007. 

GRI-98/0032, 1998. Field Validation of Composite Repair of Gas Transmission Pipehnes. Final Report-Gas Technology Institute, DesPlaines, IL. 

Lesmana, D.S., January / February 2013. Long term durabihty of composite sleeve repair and its application as a permanent pipeline repair in Indonesia. Petromin Pipehner Magazines, 39 (1). 

Meniconi, Luiz C.M., Freire, Jos6 L.F., Vieira, Ronaldo D., Diniz, J.L.C., 2002. Stress analysis of pipelines with composite repairs. In The Fourth International Pipehne Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. 

ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24,817 pipes/pipehnes composite repair codes were developed in order to provide the rules for designing a reliable and robust repair. Equation (11.1) has been proposed by ASME PCC-2 and ISO 24,817 for the design of composite repair when the defected pipe contributes to the load carrying capacity ... 

Sum, W.S., Leong, K.H., 2014. Numerical study of annular flaws/defects affecting the integrity of grouted composite sleeve repairs on pipehnes. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 33 (6), 556-565. 

Pahner-Jones, R., Paisley, D., September 2000. Repairing internal corrosion defects in pipelines—a case study. In 4th International Pipehne Rehabilitation and Maintenance Conference, Prague. 

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