Pine needles

C. The only lerpene-like natural hydrocarbon containing nine C atoms. It is found in East Indian sandalwood oil and also in Siberian, German and Swedish pine-needle oils. It has a rather unpleasant smell, resinifies easily and is difficult to obtain pure. 

Bornyl Acetate.—The acetic acid ester is the most important of the series. It is a constituent of pine-needle and rosemary oils, and has a most fragrant and refreshing odour. It is prepared artificially by the action of acetic anhydride on borneol, in the presence of sodium acetate, or by the condensation of borneol with glacial acetic acid in the presence of a small amount of a mineral acid. It is absolutely necessary in the reproduction of any pine odour. It is a crystalline body, crystallising from peDroleum ether in rhombic hemihedric crystals melting at 29°. The optical activity depends on that of the borneol from which it has been prepared. It has the following characters —... 

Kiefer-, Kiefem-. pine, -harz, n. pine resin, rosin, -holz, n. pine(wood). -nadel,/. pine needle, -nadelol, n. pine-needle oil. -aperre. 

Tannenbaum, m. fir tree pine tree, tannenbaumartig, a. arborescent, dendritic. Tannen-baumkristall, m. arborescent crystal, dendrite, -harz, n. fir resin, -harzsaure, /, fir-resin acid, specif, abietic acid, -holzstoff, m. fir (wood) pulp, -nadelol, n. fir-needle oil (loosely) pine-needle oil. -zapfen, m. fir cone, -zapfenol, n. fir-cone oil (loosely) pine-cone oil. 

Calorimetry shows that the rates of metabolism of plant tissues vary widely with species, with cell types, and with environmental conditions. This provides a means of exploring the mechanisms by which various agents influence the health of a plant community. Studies are being done on beneficial agents such as growth promoters and detrimental ones such as atmospheric pollutants. For example, a correlation has been found between the metabolic heat rates and the extent of damage to pine needles by ozone. 

Using the slurry-method and GF-AAS in Cu, Cr, Fe and Pb were determined in various pine needle samples, using NIST SRM 1575 Pine needles slurry as calibrant. Comparison of the obtained results showed good agreement with wet ashing (Carrion et al. 1988). 

Carrion N, De Behzo ZA, Moreno B, Fernandez EJ, Flores D (1988) Determination of copper, chromium, iron and lead in pine needles by electrothermal atomisation spectrometry with slurry sample introduction. J Anal At Spectrom 3 479-483. 

Apple leaves, citrus leaves, pine needles, com stalk... 

Many studies have reported the effects of metals on general soil microbiological processes. Metals including cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc have been reported to inhibit many of the microbial processes listed above. Metal toxicity in the environment ultimately decreases litter decomposition, which can be measured by the rate of mass loss. Both copper (0.5 mg Cu g4 soil) and zinc (1.0 mg Zn g 1 soil) were shown to decrease the rate of decomposition of unpolluted Scots pine needle litter near a brass mill in Sweden.61 Duarte et al.63 also determined that copper and zinc toxicity reduced leaf decomposition rates and fungal reproduction. Other metals, such as cadmium, nickel, and lead, have also been reported to decrease litter decomposition.77... 

Litter decomposition Cu2+ 0.50 mg/g soil Indigenous community Scots pine needle litter 61... 

Berg, B., Ekbohm, G., Soderstrom, B., and Staaf, H., Reduction of decomposition rates of Scots pine needle litter due to heavy-metal pollution, Water, Air, Soil Pollut, 59 (1), 165-177, 1991. 

Levels of DDT in pine needles were used for the evaluation of atmospheric DDT concentrations. In 1989 Hellstrom et al (2004) measured DDT concentrations in pine needles collected in various regions from Southern Germany to Northern Scandinavia. Jensen et al (1992) collected pine needles across Europe in 1986. 

Hellstrom et al (2004)] were used as a surrogate for atmospheric concentrations. They serve to evaluate the latitudinal gradients of the model results. The biomass DDT concentrations are compared to mixing ratios of DDT in the lowest atmospheric model layer. Ratios of observational data were calculated for pine needles from the same growth year. 

The ratio between SouthemFrance and Central Sweden in pine needles [Jensen et al (1992)] is only slightly higher than the ratio of atmospheric concentrations for these regions (1.6 versus 1.4) (Table 3.4). The mean concentration from Toulouse, Bordeaux, Tarbes and Bayonne was compared to averaged data from various locations in Central Sweden 3 [Jensen et al (1992) ]. 

Jensen S, Eriksson G, Kylin H (1992) Atmospheric pollution by persistent organic compounds monitoring with pine needles. Chemosphere 24 229-245... 

Ratola N, Lacorte S, Alves A et al (2006) Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine needles by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Comparison of different extraction and clean-up procedures. J Chromatogr A 1114 198-204... 

Fig. 7.7 HRSEM of pine needles (a) before and (b) after being hydrothermally carbonized at 200 °C for 12 h (c) low-magnification SEM overview of a HTC-treated oak leaf (d) high-magnification picture of the same HTC-treated oak leaf indicating its nanostructure.

Organic Acid Toxins Alcohols and Polyacetylenes Resinous and Phenolic Compounds 2.3.3.1 Pine Needle Abortion Mineral Toxins... 

Toxicoses from pine needles have been reported in field cases, but are rare and have only occurred in pregnant cattle. No toxicity other than abortion in cattle has been demonstrated from ICA or ICA derivatives. However, the abietane-type resin acids in ponderosa pine needles (concentrated in new growth pine tips) have been shown to be toxic, but not abortifacient at high doses, when administered orally to cattle, goats, and hamsters. Pathological evaluations of intoxicated animals includes nephrosis, edema of the CNS, myonecrosis, and gastroenteritis (Stegelmeier et al., 1996). While abietane-type resin acids may contribute to the occasional toxicoses reported in the field, they do not contribute to the abortions. Most cow losses in the field are associated with difficult parturition or post abortion toxemia due to retained fetal membranes. 

Gardner, D.R. and James, F.F. (1999). Pine needle abortion in cattle Analysis of isocupressic acid in North American Gymnosperms, Phytochem. Anal., 10, 1-5. 

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