Toxins organic acids

Organic Acid Toxins Alcohols and Polyacetylenes Resinous and Phenolic Compounds 2.3.3.1 Pine Needle Abortion Mineral Toxins... 

Nitrogen-free compounds, that include some organic acids, alcohols, polyacetylenes, resinous toxins and mineral toxins. 

The potential of nanipulating soil micro-organisms/ especially for the utilization of crop residues, has been outlined (28). For example, accelerating straw breakdown can reduce the TTme period in which organic acid toxins are produced (29). By inoculating straw... 

The first edition of Food Analysis by HPLC fulfilled a need because no other book was available on all major topics of food compounds for the food analyst or engineer. In this second edition, completely revised chapters on amino acids, peptides, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, organic acids, organic bases, toxins, additives, antibacterials, pesticide residues, brewery products, nitrosamines, and anions and cations contain the most recent information on sample cleanup, derivatization, separation, and detection. New chapters have been added on alcohols, phenolic compounds, pigments, and residues of growth promoters. 

Carey, C. M., Kostryznska, M., Ojha, S., and Thompson, S. (2008). The effect of probiotics and organic acids on Shiga-toxin 2 gene expression in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157 H7.. Microbiol. Methods [Epub.]. 

Other early food applications included the analysis of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables, organic acids, lipids, amino acids, toxins (e.g., aflatox-ins in peanuts, ergot in rye), and contaminants. As with pharmaceutical analysis, HPLC provides the ability to analyze for vitamin content in food... 

Increased effectiveness of organic acids may be achieved when used in lower concentrations, but in combination with additional inhibitors. For example, combining nisin with reduced organic acid concentrations may decrease potential flavor flaws in meat products (Samelis et al., 2005). Citric and ascorbic acids, in combination, are effective in inhibiting growth and toxin production of C. botulinum type B in vacuum-packed foodstuffs (Barbosa-Canovas et al., 2003 Samelis et al., 2005). In other studies, a combination of equal amounts of ascorbic acid and citric acid did not have additional benefits, compared with using ascorbic acid alone (Mancini et al., 2007). 

Barua, S., Yamashino, T., Hasegawa, T., Yokoyama, K., Torii, K., and Ohta, M. 2002. Involvement of surface polysaccharides in the organic acid resistance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli 0157 H7. Molecular Microbiology 43 629-640. 

These unmeasured anions are generated as the result of the consumption of HCOJ by endogenous organic acids such as lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, or / -hydroxybutyric acid or from the ingestion of toxins such as methanol or ethylene glycol. The degree of elevation in the SAG is dependent on the clearance of the anion, as well as the multiple factors that influence HCOJ concentrations. Thus the SAG is a relative rather than an absolute indication of the cause of metabolic acidosis. The SAG may also be elevated in the metabolic acidosis due to renal failure, as the result of the accumulation of various organic anions, phosphates, and sulfates. 

While protein is the major cellular component in exponentially growing cells, carbohydrate is the most prominent substance among the extracellular products, with protein and amino acids probably in second piace. Other important substances to mention are organic acids, sugar alcohols, lipids and fatty acids, vitamins and growth inhibiting compounds (toxins). The list could have been made much longer. 

Occasionally, an organism may produce some metabolite which reacts rapidly. A differential medium based on ferric citrate, which allows a presumptive identification of Aspergillus jlavus and A. parasiticus, utilises the production of the toxin aspergillic acid by these species. Improved versions of this method give results in 42 hours which are comparable with plate counts on standard media taking 5-7 days. 

Five shellfish toxins (okadaic acid, 7-O-acetylokadaic acid, and dinophysistoxin-I, -2 and -3) were baseline resolved and eluted with excellent peak shapes using either a C4 or a C g column (APO-MS) with a 70/30 methanol/water (0.1% TFA) mobile phase [314]. The use of methanol as organic modifier lowered detection limits 10-fold (0.4 pg/mL) as compared with acetonitrile. The authors cite increased solubility of the toxins as the explanation for the decrease in detection limits. 

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