Physical integrity test

The bubble point test is a popular single-point physical integrity test for disc filter membranes based on Eq. (21). A fdter medium is wetted with a liquid, and test gas pressure is slowly raised until a steady stream of bubbles appears from a tube or hose attached to the downstream side of the filter and immersed in water (Fig. 9). The pressure at which the bubbles first appear is recorded as the bubble point and is related to the largest pores in the fdter medium. A pore size can be calculated from Eq. (21) however, it must be realized that the bubble point test does not measure the actual pore size, but only allows correla-... 

Physical integrity testing has already been discussed. Subsequent discussion will focus on extractables and bacterial challenge testing. 

Catalysts regenerated by methods (A) and (B) are evaluated on the basis of bench-scale activity tests, characterization of catalyst physical and chemical properties, and physical integrity tests, such as particle attrition resistance,... 

Up to now, only hydrophilic filters have been discussed, which are used for the filtration of aqueous solutirais. Filters that are used for gas filtration such as ventilation filters on tanks and boilers are lipophilic filters. Some hydrophobic filter membranes are used to filter oils and other lipophilic solutions. A physical integrity test with water cannot be performed with this type of filter. For moistening, isopropyl alcohol has been used in the past, but the disadvantage of this substance is that it is highly flammable. Therefore, an alternative method has been developed, which is called the water intrusion test [15, 16]. 

Fabrication of the prototype is an important step in product development. It demonstrates that the various components can indeed be physically integrated to form the final product with the desired functionalities. Consider a UV sensor. While its functionality depends on the physical response of a certain nanomaterial in the presence of UV light, an electric circuit and a display system are required for a functional consumer product. The availability of a prototype is essential in test marketing, safety tests, reliability tests and so on. However, the development of consumer-oriented products often involves a considerable amount of trial-and-error, which can lead to costly delays in product launching [10]. 

One of a number of physical container-closure integrity tests may be seleeted and validated against the bacterial liquid immersion test. The physieal leak test shall be eorrelated to bacterial ingress. 

The physical container-closure integrity test method shall be chosen after eon-sideration of the container-closure type, the performanee eriteria, and the available validated test methods. 

The integrity of the product container/closure is assessed by physical tests or microbiological challenge tests and long-term product sterility tests. These tests are specific for container size, fill volume, and closure type. All integrity tests are performed after sterilization and are defined in manufacturing site SOPs. 

Evaluation techniques and equipment are as varied as the individual catalytic processes themselves. The long term goal of catalyst evaluation is to reduce the size of the testing equipment consistent with reliable and accurate data as it relates to the commercial process. Invariably, the farther removed in physical size the process simulation attains, the more likely that errors will be introduced which can affect data accuracy, accuracy being defined as commercial observations. In addition, smaller equipment size also places less demand on the physical integrity of a catalyst particle therefore, additional test methods have been developed to simulate these performance characteristics. Despite these very important limitations, laboratory reactors fully eight orders of magnitude (100 million times) smaller are routinely used in research laboratories by both catalyst manufacturers and petroleum refiners. 

One of a number of physical Container-closure Integrity tests may be selected and validated against the Bacterial Liquid Immersion Test. The Physical Leak Test should be correlated to bacterial ingress. 

For performance evaluation it will be important to maintain the physical integrity of each sample prior to testing. Some laboratory samples will need to be... 

The data presented in Table III show the effect of hostile solvents on the tensile strength of PVC. Although numerous other oxygenated solvents were employed a substantial number of the test specimens essentially disintegrated while attempting to remove them from the test chamber. However, with the data presented, one can easily see that a hostile effect adversely affects both the chemical and physical integrity of the polymer. 

Properties of biological test systems will mostly be more complex and more changeable than the ones of physical/chemical test systems. Therefore biological test systems need very careful characterisation in order to ensure the quality and integrity of the data derived from them. This is also of special importance with regard to the reconstructability of studies, since the actual outcome of a study may have been influenced by the state and condition of the test system at the time of the study. 

The integrity of the physical/chemical test systems should be ensured. 

Crutcher, D., Gervais, R. and Toms, L., Use of FT-IR Spectrometry as a Replacement for Physical Property Testing of Railway Lubricants , Proceedings of the Technology Showcase-Integrated Monitoring, Diagnostics and Failure Prevention Conference, Ed. G. Humphrey, Mobile, AL, pp. 207-216, 1996. 

Bubble point It relates to the largest pore diameter of the membrane. The bubble point is the smallest pressure difference at which the first gas bubbles appear from a liquid-saturated membrane pressurized by an inert gas. The bubble point test is also used for checking the physical integrity of the membrane for the presence of defects such as cracks or pinholes. 

The polyacrylate and ethylene-acrylic copolymers and one of the ethylene-propylene terpolymers (Nordel) were the best of the Intermediate temperature elastomers. Except for resistance to compression set, these materials were Inferior to the silicones in thermal stability as measured by their retention of tensile properties. The other EPDM compounds and butyl rubber were considerably inferior to the above-mentioned elastomers. It is not expected that the service life of the tested materials will be limited solely by their ability to resist hydrolytic degradation. The only caulking compositions which retained moderate physical integrity on thermal aging were the silicones. 

Caulks D, E and F lacked adequate physical integrity for testing... 

Acrylic, K. After one day s immersion at 125°C the specimen did not possess adequate physical integrity for testing. However, it was much less affected at the three lower test temperatures. 

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