Observations on Commercialization

This has led to a fragmented base of knowledge within the broader aerogel community without a large effort or critical mass of people to move aerogel materials toward commercialization. 

By focusing on customer-driven development, American Aerogel has successfully commercialized a form of aerogel materials. Aerocore, a black organic monohthic open cellular rigid foam, can be produced with a wide range of properties and sizes. It can be used as a thermal insulator, acoustic attenuator, chemical support media, electrical conductor, and mechanical shock absorber. 

IF Poco, PR Coronado, RW Pekala, LW Hrubesh, A Rapid Supercritical Extraction Process for the Production of Silica Aerogels MRS Apr 8-12 1996 Spring Meeting 

RW Pekala, CT Alviso, X Lu, J Gross, J Fricke, New organic aerogels based upon a phenolic-furfural reaction J Non-Cryst Sohds 188 (1995) 34-40 US Pat Nos. 6,090,861 and 6,077,876 

ID LeMay, RW Hopper, LW Hrubesh, RW Pekala Low-Density Microcellular Materials UCRL-JC-104935 Preprint for MRS Bulletin Dec 1990 US Pat No. 7,005,181 

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Numerous characterizations of catalysts after real driving conditions and various mileages on different vehicles, show, among other features, Pt/Rli alloying and cerium aluminate formation [12]. Tlie similarity of these results with oin own observations on commercial samples suggest that the laboratory procedures described herein allow to reproduce significant behaviom of catalysts under real driving conditions. 

Application of Equation (1) predicts a system noise N of 7x10 Although the particular optical design described has not been reduced to practice, the theoretical estimate of 7x10 au peak to peak noise Is within a factor of 2 of the typical noise (l-2xl0 au) observed on commercial state of art fixed wavelength detectors at 254 nm. 

Studies on the biological perfomiance of ferroelectric hydroxyapatite-barium titanate (HABT) ceramics (< 33 = 58 pC/N) showed that the attachment, proliferation, viability, morphology and metabolic activity of cells cultured on unpoled HABT were comparable to those observed on commercially available HAp, at all time points. However, there were no striking differences between the properties of poled and non-poled ceramics, at least not during the short incubation times employed (Baxter et al., 2009). 

Table 4 New bands (cm ) observed on commercial liCoOj charged to various voltages (V).

Titanium is not a cure-all for every corrosion problem, but increased production and improved fabrication techniques have brought the material cost to a point where it can compete economically with some of the nickel-base alloys and even some stainless steels. Its low density offsets the relatively high materials costs, and its good corrosion resistance allows thinner heat-exchanger tubes. Table 8.42 presents the corrosion rates observed on commercially pure titanium grades in a multitude of chemical environments. ... 

Equation 16C.2 is called the Power Law and Equarion 16C.3 is called the Cross Model. Plots of these two models are shown in Figure 16C.2. In general, the Cross Model does a better job of describing the actual viscosity versus shear rate data observed on commercial polymers. Now we have a mathematical model that describes the actual viscosity versus shear rate profile of mbber materials. 

Historically, the development of the acrylates proceeded slowly they first received serious attention from Otto Rohm. AcryUc acid (propenoic acid) was first prepared by the air oxidation of acrolein in 1843 (1,2). Methyl and ethyl acrylate were prepared in 1873, but were not observed to polymerize at that time (3). In 1880 poly(methyl acrylate) was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum, who noted that on dry distillation up to 320°C the polymer did not depolymerize (4). Rohm observed the remarkable properties of acryUc polymers while preparing for his doctoral dissertation in 1901 however, a quarter of a century elapsed before he was able to translate his observations into commercial reaUty. He obtained a U.S. patent on the sulfur vulcanization of acrylates in 1912 (5). Based on the continuing work in Rohm s laboratory, the first limited production of acrylates began in 1927 by the Rohm and Haas Company in Darmstadt, Germany (6). Use of this class of compounds has grown from that time to a total U.S. consumption in 1989 of approximately 400,000 metric tons. Total worldwide consumption is probably twice that. 

Sihcate solutions of equivalent composition may exhibit different physical properties and chemical reactivities because of differences in the distributions of polymer sihcate species. This effect is keenly observed in commercial alkah sihcate solutions with compositions that he in the metastable region near the solubihty limit of amorphous sihca. Experimental studies have shown that the precipitation boundaries of sodium sihcate solutions expand as a function of time, depending on the concentration of metal salts (29,58). Apparently, the high viscosity of concentrated alkah sihcate solutions contributes to the slow approach to equihbrium. 

Table 20.19 summarizes information about each study, including the location of the well, the lithology of the injection zone, waste characteristics, and the major geochemical processes observed. Current commercial-hazardous-waste, deep-well-injection facilities can be found on the Environment, Health and Safety Online (EHSO) web site.163... 

This latter point was stressed by some of us in a recent report studying NO storage and reduction on commercial LSR (lean storage-reduction) catalysts, in order to catch valuable information about the behaviour of typical NO storage materials in real application conditions. Nature, thermal stability and relative amounts of the surface species formed on a commercial catalyst upon NO and 02 adsorption in the presence and in the absence of water were analysed using a novel system consisting of a quartz infrared reactor. Operando IR plus MS measurements showed that carbonates present in the fresh catalyst are removed by replacement with barium nitrate species after the first nitration of the material. Nitrate species coordinated to different barium sites are the predominant surface species under dry and wet conditions. The difference in the species stabilities suggested that barium sites possess different basicity and, therefore, that they are able to stabilize nitrates at different temperatures. At temperatures below 523 K, nitrite species were observed. The presence of water at mild temperatures in the reactant flow makes unavailable for NO adsorption the alumina sites [181]. 

Procedure Set up an acoustic reactor in a light-proof cabinet with a photomultiplier (PM) tube positioned facing the cell as shown in Fig. 15.3a and b. Fill the cell with distilled water and close the cabinet. A potential should now be applied to the PM tube, the output (spectrally integrated) of which is produced on an oscilloscope (note that the ultrasound cell can easily be placed inside a commercial spectrometer in order to record the emission spectrum). Switch on the ultrasound and you should observe on the oscilloscope a change in voltage, directly proportional to the intensity of sonoluminescence emission. The following experiments can be performed to explore the different types of light emission and some of the factors that influence these emission processes. 

Few terms have been more commonly used and abused in the scientific literature than nano. However, if one is able to sift through the vast amounts of nano literature, there are also numerous reports that are of both academic and commercial importance. This is particularly true for the field of catalysis in which rapid progress is being made that has transformed this once black art into a science, which is understood on a molecular and even atomic level. These gains have been particularly driven by the fields of surface and nanomolecular science with improvements in instrumentation and experimental techniques that have facilitated scientists observations on the nano-size scale. 

McNamara, B., Hanson, B. Buck, E. 2002. Observation of studtite and metastudtite on commercial spent nuclear fuel. Materials Research Society Symposium, 757, 401-406. 

An interesting example is the report from Fukuda et al. (5) who determined the amounts of three furanocoumarins in 28 white grapefruit juices, and orange, apple, lemon, grape, and tangerine beverages. Considerable differences were observed on the contents among commercial brands and also batches. The contents were determined to be 321.4 95.2ng/mL GF-I-1, 5641.2 1538.1 ng/mL GF-I-2, and 296.3 84.9ng/mL GF-I-4 in white... 

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