Phthalic acids isophthalic acid

A cids-A nhydrides Phthalic anhydride Phthalic acid Isophthalic acid TerephthaJic acid Trimellitic anhydride Trimellitic acid Maleic anhydride Fumaric acid Adipic acid... 

In a related study [35], surface complexation of colloidal Ti02 by aryl carboxylic acids (benzoic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, salicylic acid and catechol) has been found to obey the Langmuir Isotherm. Surface chelation is accompanied by a decrease of the point of zero zeta potential (PZZP) and enhanced electron transfer rates from the conduction band and acceptors in solution. The enhanced electron transfer rates observed upon surface chelation (of cobaltocenium dicarboxylate, phenylfluorene and aryl carboxylic acids) suggest that trapping of electrons by Ti(IV) surface states (equation 3) can take place efficiently and removal of such traps by complexation improves the overall performance of the system. 

Vinyl ester resins contain fewer ester groups than resins based on glycol fumarate, phthalic acid, or bisphenol. Therefore, VE resins hydrolyze much more slowly, and the molecular mass does not undergo essential changes during hydrolysis, so that the mechanical properties change very little. Vinyl ester resins are therefore considerably more resistant (especially to alkalis) than phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, or bisphenol resins [32]. 

The present method for preparing aromatic dicarboxylic acids has been used to convert phthalic or isophthalic acid to tereph-thalic acid (90-95%) 2,2 -biphenyldicarboxylic acid to 4,4 -biphenyldicarboxylic acid 3,4-pyrroledicarboxylic acid to 2,5-pyr-roledicarboxylic acid and 2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid to 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. A closely related method for preparing aromatic dicarboxylic acids is the thermal disproportionation of the potassium salt of an aromatic monocarboxylic acid to an equimolar mixture of the corresponding aromatic hydrocarbon and the dipotassium salt of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. The disproportionation method has been used to convert benzoic acid to terephthalic acid (90-95%) pyridine-carboxylic acids to 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (30-50%) 2-furoic acid to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid 2-thiophenecar-boxylic acid to 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid and 2-quinoline-carboxylic acid to 2,4-quinolinedicarboxylic acid. One or the other of these two methods is often the best way to make otherwise inaccessible aromatic dicarboxylic acids. The two methods were recently reviewed. ... 

Instead of phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid can be used as is done in USA. Its use is in increasing. Polyhydric alcohols like pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane and sorbitol are also used. Some-times small quantities of diols like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are used to reduce cross-linking. 

Anhydride s/Acids Phthalic anhydride Malice anhydride Adipic acid Isophthalic acid Terephthalic acid Glycols... 

Compound Name Phosphorus, Red Phosphorus, White Phosphorus Oxychloride Phosphorus Oxychloride Calcium Phosphide Phthalic Anhydride Isophthalic Acid Phthalic Anhydride Benzyl N-Butyl Phthalate Di-N-Amyl Phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate Diethyl Phthalate Diheptyl Phthalate Diiscoecyl Phthalate Di-N-Amyl Phthalate Diootyl Phthalate Diiscoedyl Phthalate Phthalic Anhydride Chloropicrin, Liquid Cyclohexanone Piperazine Piperazine Nitralin... 

Mono esters of dicarboxylic acids.1 Aliphatic straight-chain dicarboxylic acids when adsorbed on alumina react with diazomethane to form monomethyl esters in quantitative yield. Terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and 1,4-cyclohexanedi-carboxylic acid are also converted selectively to the monomethyl esters. However, phthalic acid does not show any enhanced selectivity under these conditions. Evidently selectivity for monoesterification results from adsorption of one of the acid groups on alumina. 

An example of two ion exchange separations are shown in Figure 5-32. The first separation is of phthalic acid, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid using a 10-mM boric acid mobile phase adjusted to pH 9.2 using sodium hydroxide. The other separation in Figure 5-32 is of caffeine, w-acetyl-p-aminophenyl, aspirin, and salicylamide. In order for all of these compounds to be eluted in a reasonable time, the 10-mM boric acid solution also contains 20 mM sodium nitrate for ionic strength adjustment. 

Phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, isophthalic acid, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, styrene Bulk polycondensation followed by free-radical-initiated chain polymerization Construction, automotive applications, marine applications... 

A large number of dibasic acids and anhydrides are used in the preparation of poly(ester amide)s. These include terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, endic endo-cis bicyclo(2,2,10-5)-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic] anhydride, hydrogenated endic anhydride, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, dichloromaleic anhydride, itaconic acid, brassylic acid, dimer acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, succinic acid, trimeUitic anhydride, pyrromellitic anhydride and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). However, tri- and poly-functional compounds are used only partially and are combined with bifunctional derivatives, or derivatives of previously prepared multifunctional compounds which are subsequently polymerised with bifunctional compounds. 

The most common diacids are the phthalic acids, orthophthalic acid (phthalic anhydride is actually used) giving general purpose resins and isophthalic acid giving resins of improved corrosion resistance. Adipic acid is also used, but on a smaller scale and where chain flexibility is particularly required. The most commonly used glycol is propylene glycol because it does not lead to branching in the polyester chain and has no tendency to crystallise. Other diols are used to achieve special properties, e.g., propoxylated bis-phenols to confer corrosion resistance. Typically, the resin would incorporate the three components in the molar ratio, maleic anhydride phthalic anhydride propylene glycol (5 5 11). 

The most common alkyd raw materials are polybasic acids (phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric, azelaic, succinic, adipic, and sebacic acids), oils (linseed, soya, dehydrated castor, tung, fish, safflower, oiticica, cotton seed, and coconut), polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, pentaerythritol, dipen-taerythritol, trimethylolethane, sorbitol, trimethylolpropane, ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, neopentyleneglycol, and dipropylene glycol), and monobasic acids (tail-oil fatty acids and synthetic saturated fatty acids). 

In addition to MA, phthalic anhydride, and ethylene glycol, other common intermediates used for the production of unsaturated polyesters are fumaric acid, isophthalic acid, adipic acid, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol. Table 12.1 provides a summary of both common and specialty building blocks used in polyesters and contributions made by these intermediates to the properties of the products. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles may one day become an important raw material for unsaturated polyester resin production, providing an alternative for a substantial part of the petroleum-based intermediates. 

Various combinations of basic beryllium acetate, propionate, and benzoate were reacted with the acid chlorides of adipic, sebacic, /8-ethyladipic, tere-phthalic, and isophthalic acids. Solution viscosities of the products (in toluene) were very low. Elemental analytical data tended to confirm this fact by showing the presence of inordinate amounts of end groups. 

See also Isophthalic acid.) pHTHALIC ACID AND OTHERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 18)... 

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