Phosphorus phosphate salts

Cellulosic, polyester, and acrylic fibers lubricated with a surfactant-based oiling composition containing an organic phosphorus ester neutralized with an amine showed less pilling, good antistatic properties, and anticorrosiveness. The phosphorus ester salts were hexyl phosphate trimethylamine salt, dodecamethy-lene caproate phosphonate ethylamine salt, and polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether phosphate dimethylamine salt [262]. 

High levels of dietary zinc were associated with marked decreases in bone calcium deposition and in the apparent retention of calcium in male weanling albino rats. Marked increases in fecal calcium levels were also observed in the zinc-fed rats. Excessive dietary zinc was associated with a shifting of phosphorus excretion from the urine to the feces. This resulted in an increase in fecal phosphorus and provided an environmental condition which would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate salts and a subsequent decrease in calcium bioavailability. The adverse effect of high dietary zinc on calcium status in young rats could be alleviated and/or reversed with calcium supplements. 

The data presented in this paper indicate that excess levels (0.75%) of dietary zinc result in decreases in the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus in rats and interfere with normal bone mineralization. High dietary levels of calcium or zinc appeared to cause a shift in the excretion of phosphorus from the urine to the feces, while the presence of extra phosphorus tended to keep the pathway of phosphorus excretion via the urine. The presence of large amounts of phosphorus in the Intestinal tract due to high intakes of zinc would increase the possibility of the formation of insoluble phosphate salts with various cations, including calcium, which may be present. A shift in phosphorus excretion from the feces to the urine, however, could result in an environmental condition within the system which would tend to increase the bioavailability of cations to the animal. The adverse effect of zinc toxicity on calcium and phosphorus status of young rats could be alleviated with calcium and/or phosphorus supplements. 

Phosphorus is one of the inorganic macronutrients in all known forms of life. Inorganic phosphorus in the form of phosphate (PO/ ) plays a major role in vital biological molecules, such as DNA and RNA. Living cells also utilize phosphate to transport cellular energy via adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Phospholipids are the main structural components of all cellular membranes. Calcium phosphate salts are... 

The phosphate manufacturing and phosphate fertilizer industry includes the production of elemental phosphorus, various phosphorus-derived chemicals, phosphate fertilizer chemicals, and other nonfertilizer phosphate chemicals [1-30], Chemicals that are derived from phosphorus include phosphoric acid (dry process), phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus penta-sulfide, phosphoms trichloride, phosphorus oxychloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, and calcium phosphates [8]. The nonfertilizer phosphate production part of the industry includes defluori-nated phosphate rock, defluorinated phosphoric acid, and sodium phosphate salts. The phosphate fertilizer segment of the industry produces the primary phosphorus nutrient source for the agricultural industry and for other applications of chemical fertilization. Many of these fertilizer products are toxic to aquatic life at certain levels of concentration, and many are also hazardous to human life and health when contact is made in a concentrated form. 

Phosphorus is one of the most widely distributed elements on earth. It is found as phosphate salts in nearly all igneous rocks and in sedimentary deposits and sea beds. Phosphorus occurs in more than three hundred minerals, usually associated with Ca, Mg, Fe, Sr, Al, Na, and several other metals, and with anions such as silicates, sulfates, oxides, hydroxides, and hahdes. 

Flowever, if only a simple approach to establish the juice content of a drink is used, such as assessing the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, it is easy for an unscrupulous supplier to circumvent this method of assessment by the addition of potassium and ammonium phosphate salts, which enhances the nominal juice content of the product. 

Attentiou will be focused ou phosphates of metallic elements and other small cations (H+, NH4+), although it should be uoted that a variety of phosphate salts of large orgauic or iuorgauic coordiuatiou complex catious are also knowu. Backgrouud informatiou of the chemistry of phosphates aud related phosphorus species can be found in the texts by Corbridge and Kanazawa see also Phosphorus Inorganic Chemistry). 

Major Chemicals. Phosphorus. Combination salts of the phosphates have been used for retarding wood since the time of Gay-Lussac. Monoammonium and diammonium phosphates have been the most effective. The efficiency of phosphorus compounds can be increased by the presence of certain nitrogen compounds that produce a synergistic effect. The advantage of such synergism is that increased flame-spread resistance can be achieved with lower chemical loading levels. The amino-resin systems are based on this synergistic effect. 

P4O10 is the anhydride of phosphoric acid, H3PO4. It traps and reacts with water very efficiently and is widely used as a drying agent. Phosphoric acid is a triprotic acid. It is only mildly oxidizing, despite the fact that phosphorus is in a high oxidation state. Phosphoric acid is the parent acid of phosphate salts that contain the tetrahedral phosphate ion, P04 ". Phosphates are generally not very soluble, which makes them suitable structural material for bones and teeth. 

A number of investigators have studied the relative bioavailability of iron from various compounds that contained both iron and phosphorus. Three such salts that have been studied extensively are ferric phosphate, ferric pyrophosphate, and sodium-iron pyrophosphate. All three have been listed as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) in the Code of Federal Regulations and have been added to foods in the United States as iron supplements (1). However, only small amounts of two of these phosphorus-containing salts, ferric pyrophosphate and sodium iron... 

Finally, intravenous phosphate may rapidly reduce ionized calcium concentrations through the formation of insoluble calcium-phosphate salts. However, intravenous phosphate is extremely hazardous because extraskeletal precipitation of calcium-phosphate may result in metastatic calcification, hypotension, acute renal failure, or death. Therefore intravenous phosphates should be reserved for the extraordinary patient with severe hypercalcemia and concomitant hypophosphatemia. Oral phosphorus is not used chronically for the treatment of hypercalcemia because calcium-phosphate crystals may precipitate in the kidneys or other major organs when the calcium-phosphorus product is > 50 to 60 mg /dL . Serum calcium, phosphorus, and creatinine should be monitored closely. Oral phosphorus treatment is only indicated when there is concomitant hypophosphatemia (<2 mg/dL). 

The formation of the aluminosilicophosphate gel requires a reactive form of phosphorus such as phosphoric acid for its incorporation into the gel structure and zeolite framework. The mere presence of a phosphate salt such as sodium metaphosphate in the reactant gel will not result in phosphorus incorporation in the zeolite crystal lattice. 

Emsley s book traces the development and uses of phosphorus, which he suggests might be termed The Devil s Element.The basis for the destructive distillation of urine (or bone) to phosphorus is described. Organic matter, such as creatine, in urine decomposes under oxygen-poor conditions to form elemental carbon (e.g., charcoal). Under the high heat the carbon strips oxygen atoms from phosphate salts also present in the urine residue to form gaseous... 

Only phosphorus and sulfur and a couple phosphate salts, sulfate salts, or sulfide salts may not dissolve easily under any of the conditions in parts B, C, and D. 

Mixtures of Na2HP04/KH2P04 can be used in the treatment of hypophosphataemia (phosphorus deficiency). The varied nature of diets in Western countries prevents the occurrence of hypophosphataemia which is quite rare in humans. An excess of P in the diet, however, may lead to a reduced absorption of other essential trace elanents and hence a deficiency of them (Chapter 11.2). Phosphate salts make the urine more acidic and prevent the deposition of calcium salts as urinary stones. 

Chemical methods for the detection and estimation of phosphorus in a compound are many and varied, but they usually require the phosphorus to be first obtained in the form of inorganic orthophosphate. For this, a prior oxidation and/or hydrolysis may have to be carried out. Insoluble phosphates are dissolved in mineral acids, with boiling if necessary. In some cases, fusion with alkaline fluxes (e.g. boric acid and sodium carbonate at lOOO C) is needed, followed by water or acid extraction of the soluble phosphates produced. Cation exchange resins may sometimes be used to convert insoluble into soluble phosphate salts. Numerous extraction and clean-up procedures have been prescribed for determination of the P content of compounds of bio origin. Pre-treatment of the sample by chemical methods is sometimes a necessary procedure before examination by physical methods (e.g. spectrophotometty), can be undertaken. 

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