Phospholipid levels

In multiple sclerosis, which is a demyelinating disease, there is loss of both phospholipids (particularly ethanolamine plasmalogen) and of sphingolipids from white matter. Thus, the lipid composition of white matter resembles that of gray matter. The cerebrospinal fluid shows raised phospholipid levels. 

Y. Ohwaki and H. Hirata, Differences in carboxylic acid exudation among P-starved leguminous crops in relation to carboxylic acid contents in plant tissues and phospholipid levels in roots. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 38 2 i5 (1992). 

Solid phase extraction allows yielding a much cleaner extract than PP, since it significantly lowers phospholipids levels which represent the major endogenous compounds causing significant matrix effects [263-265],... 

Superdegumming. Citric acid is used as a reagent to degum oil at a temperature above 50 °C. Phospholipid levels as low as 7-30 ppm can be achieved in refined oil. Various other degumming agents have also been proposed, including sodium chloride solutions, ammonium hydroxide, and acetic, oxalic, boric, and nitric acids (13). 

In general, studies of fish lipid dynamics indicate that dramatic changes in total lipid are mainly accounted for by changes in non-polar (mainly TAGs) rather than polar lipids (e.g. phospholipids)12. The much smaller changes in tissue phospholipid levels may reflect the integral role of these lipids in membrane structure, and thus the necessity to conserve phospholipid concentrations within a relatively narrow... 

Food-induced bile secretions result in bile salt levels in the small intestine between 8 and 20 mM with single measurements up to 40 mM (Ladas etah, 1981 Tangerman et ah, 1986 Armand et ah, 1996 Persson et ah, 2005). The molar ratio between bile salts and phospholipids in the fed state will be dependent on the phospholipid level in the food and has been reported to be in the range of 2 1 to 5 1 (Schersten, 1973, Persson et ah, 2006). 

There is now substantial evidence from several groups that, although plasma levels of AA and other HUFAs are normal or near normal, red cell membrane phospholipid levels are reduced, particularly in patients with the negative syndrome (Peet, Laugharne, Horrobin, Reynolds, 1994 Yao, van Kammen, Welker, 1994 Glen etal., 1994). The abnormality may become more evident if red cells are not frozen immediately at very low temperatures, such as -70°C. Maintenance for a period at room temperature or for long periods at -20°C rather than -70°C is associated with loss of AA from membrane phospholipids in samples from schizophrenic patients but not from controls. This indicates increased loss of AA from membranes, a process that may continue in stored samples. 

As shown in Table II, the blood cholesterol level in rats fed 1% cholesterol was elevated 2114% and supplementation of curcumin and curcumin plus (lavonc uf M. chanuimilkt L. to the cholesterol diet depressed this elevation significnmly Phospholipid levels showed no significant change. The addition of flavone of M chamomiUa L. appeared to be more effective than the curcumin-only group. 

Various sources of LC-PUFA for infant formula supplementation are available. They include fish oil, egg phospholipids, and single-cell oil. DHA is available primarily from the marine food chain, i.e., marine fish, shellfish, and algae. Although fish oil is the most readily available source of DHA, it has an undesirably high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 5n-3) level, which may interfere with AA status and growth (6). Consequently, the addition of both DHA and AA to infant formulas has been recommended. Egg phospholipid is another dietary source for DHA and AA. Direct addition of egg yolk to formula may produce phospholipid levels far greater than levels found in breast milk. However, a tracer experiment has demonstrated that DHA and AA are better absorbed in phosphoUpid form than in the triacylglyc-eride form found in breast milk and other LC-PUFA sources (7). 

Table 2. Effects of 3-thia fatty acids with different chain-length and palmitic acid (control) on plasma triacylglycerol and phospholipid levels after 7 days of treatment. Results are expressed as means SD of five different animals in each group. Significantly different from control P < 0.05. From. ...

CAHU c L, INFANTE J L z and BARBOSA V (2003) Effect of dietary phospholipid level and phospholipid neutral lipid value on the development of seabass (Dicentrar-chus labrax) larvae fed a compound diet. The British Journal of Nutrition, 90, 21-28. 

The immunomodulatory azaspiranes are novel cationic amphiphilic drugs with beneficial effects in a number of animal models of autoimmune disease and transplantation. Waites et al. (1995) compared W,W-dimethyl-8,8-dipropyl-2-azaspiro[4,5]decane-2-propanamine HCl (SK F 105685) and two analogues, SK F 106615 and SK F 103811 with chlor-phentermine and chloroquine for their ability to induce phospholipid accumulation and suppressor cell activity. Oral administration of SK F 105685 and SK F 106615 caused phospholipid accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavaged rat macrophages but to a far lesser extent (three- to fivefold) than chlorphentermine. Neither the immunologically unreactive azaspirane SK F 103811 nor chloroquine affected phospholipid levels. Alveolar macrophages from rats treated with SK F 105685 or SK F 106615 expressed more potent suppressor cell activity than chlorphentermine. Neither SK F 103811 nor chloroquine induced suppressor cell activity. 

Of the secondary hyperlipidemias those of hypothyroidism and biliary cirrhosis deserve particular attention, since they may show considerable elevation of cholesterol without hyperglyceridemia. In addition, xanthomas may occur in both with long duration. While biliary cirrhosis is characterized by the presence of jaundice, a very low ester cholesterol to free cholesterol ratio, and significant elevation of the phospholipid level, the exclusion of hypothjrroidism is not always as simple and may require appropriate thyroid function tests. 

J. Partridge, L. Boling, S. Margen, and G. Michaels Dietary modification of serum cholesterol and phospholipid levels. J. din. Endocr. 12, 909 (1952). 

The normal level of cholesterol in blood is in the neighborhood of 200 mg. per 100 ml., of which over 60 % is esterified. An increase in cholesterol level occurs with age. The concentration is not significantly related to the intake of cholesterol over a range of 250 to 800 mg. daily but is influenced by the amount of fat in the diet, as will be discussed subsequently. The phospholipid level in the blood is about 220 mg. per 100 ml. and increases with age in a manner similar to that noted for cholesterol. The amount of phospholipid in relation to that of cholesterol in blood may be a factor in maintaining normal lipid dispersion. 

Mg./cc. Higher values were observed in older patients with atherosclerosis. In young patients the level was 1600 Mg-, in the older group 6000 /xg /cc. Administration of vitamins A and E caused an increase of the plasma cholesterol level, a higher phospholipid level, and higher levels of vitamins A and E. The effect was especially marked in the older group. Vanotti suggests that vitamins A and E can only inhibit the deposition of fatty material in the vessel walls. The results of Schettler and Weitzel with vitamins A and E have already been mentioned. 

Considering once more the phospholipids, it should be borne in mind that the need of the fetus for these building stones in the last months of pr nancy is very high and the turnover in the placenta is enormous. Phospholipid supply in toxemia of pregnancy will probably be too low. This m t be concluded from the lower weight of placenta and child. But how this would influence the maternal blood level cannot be predicted with certainty. Blood phospholipid levels in clinically established toxemia have not yet been found in the literature. 

---