Phosphate equivalents

Some commonly used primary nutrient fertilizers are incidentally also rich sources of calcium. Ordinary superphosphate contains monocalcium phosphate and gypsum in amounts equivalent to all of the calcium originally present in the phosphate rock. Triple superphosphate contains soluble monocalcium phosphate equivalent to essentially all the P2 5 product. Other fertilizers rich in calcium are calcium nitrate [10124-37-5] calcium ammonium nitrate [39368-85-9] and calcium cyanamide [156-62-7]. The popular ammonium phosphate-based fertilizers are essentially devoid of calcium, but, in view of the natural calcium content of soils, this does not appear to be a problem. 

The annual impact of shifting all the pig herd in Denmark to a phytase supplemented diet instead of MCP supplemented would be a reduction in greenhouse gases by 27 kT CO2 equivalent, reduction in acidification by 450 T SO2 equivalent, reduction in nutrient enrichment by 1200 T phosphate equivalent, and avoiding mining of 20 kT phosphate bearing rock. 

CoA. Two high-energy phosphate equivalents are required to activate fatty acids to the acyl-CoA. 

The P/O ratio is the number of ATPs made for each O atom consumed by mitochondrial respiration. The P stands for high-energy phosphate equivalents, and the O actually stands for the number of I 02 s that are consumed by the electron transport chain. The full reduction of 02 to 2 H20 takes 4 electrons. Therefore, 2 electrons reduce of an 02. The oxidation of NADH to NAD and the oxidation of FADH2 to FAD are both 2-electron oxidations. O can be read as the transfer of 2 electrons. It s not quite as obscure as it sounds.2... 

After many such elongation cycles, synthesis of the polypeptide is terminated with the aid of release factors. At least four high-energy phosphate equivalents (from ATP and GTP) are required to generate each peptide bond, an energy investment required to guarantee fidelity of translation. 

The eutrophication potential is calculated in phosphate-equivalents (P04-Eq). As in the acidification potential one must also be aware of the fact that when it comes to the eutrophication potential, the effects differ regionally. 

A patient was given a 7-day course of metronidazole and ampicillin, following a laparoscopic investigation. She developed acute dystonic reactions (facial grimacing, coarse tremors, and an inability to maintain posture) on day 6, within 10 minutes of being given chloroquine phosphate (equivalent to 200 mg of base) and intramuscular promethazine... 

Eutrophication potential (EP). Eutrophication is referred to as the pollution state of aquatic ecosystems where the overfertilisation of water and soil has turned into an increased growth of biomass. EP is calculated in kg based on a weighted sum of the emission of nitrogen and phosphorus derivatives such as N2, NOx, NH, P04, P and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The classification factors for EP are expressed as phosphates equivalents. 

Diastereo- and Enantioselective C-C Bond Formations with a Chiral Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Equivalent... 

Fig. 1. (a) Total DNA-P, phosphate equivalent to total cell number, in the forebrain of human foetuses and infants (b) A semilogarithmic plot of the same data as shown in (a). In (b) regression lines with 95 % confidence limits are added. Taken from Dobbing... 

Worldwide, triple superphosphate, over the period 1955 to 1980, maintained about a 15% share of the phosphate fertilizer market (Fig. 8). World consumption for the year ended June 30, 1991 (9) was equivalent to 3.6 x 10 t of P20, which was about 10% of world fertilizer P2O5 consumption. In the United States, consumption for the year ended June 30, 1990 (Fig. 7) was equivalent to about 240 x 10 t of P20, which represented only 6% of U.S. fertilizer P2O5 consumption. 

Hexafluorophosphoric Acid. Hexafluorophosphoric acid (3) is present under ambient conditions only as an aqueous solution because the anhydrous acid dissociates rapidly to HF and PF at 25°C (56). The commercially available HPF is approximately 60% HPF based on PF analysis with HF, HPO2F2, HPO F, and H PO ia equiUbrium equivalent to about 11% additional HPF. The acid is a colorless Hquid which fumes considerably owiag to formation of an HF aerosol. Frequently, the commercially available acid has a dark honey color which is thought to be reduced phosphate species. This color can be removed by oxidation with a small amount of nitric acid. When the hexafluorophosphoric acid is diluted, it slowly hydrolyzes to the other fluorophosphoric acids and finally phosphoric acid. In concentrated solutions, the hexafluorophosphoric acid estabUshes equiUbrium with its hydrolysis products ia relatively low concentration. Hexafluorophosphoric acid hexahydrate [40209-76-5] 6 P 31.5°C, also forms (66). This... 

Two or more linked enzyme reactions can lead to a change in the concentration of NADH or NADPH that is equivalent to the concentration of the original analyte. The reference glucose measurement using hexokinase [9001-51-8] and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase [9001-40-5] is an example ... 

Phosphoric acids and the phosphates maybe defined as derivatives of phosphoms oxides where the phosphoms atom is in the +5 oxidation state. These are compounds formed in the M2O—P20 system, where M represents one cation equivalent, eg, H", Na", 0.5 Ca ", etc. The molecular formula of the phosphoms(V) oxide [1314-56-3] is actually P O q, but this oxide is commonly referred to in terms of its empirical formula, P2O5. StmcturaHy, four phosphoms—oxygen (P—O) linkages are arranged in an approximate tetrahedral configuration about the phosphoms atom in the phosphate anion. Compounds containing discrete, monomeric PO ions are known as orthophosphates or simply as phosphates. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

Patents have appeared (33,34) which show formulations containing PMMA emulsion polymer and PMMA suspension polymer combined with benzyl butyl phthalate and octyl benzyl phthalate. It is likely that polymers of this type will require highly polar plasticizers in order to have both adequate compatibiHty and adequate gelation. When replacing PVC appHcations the use of large quantities of phosphate plasticizers is sometimes required to give equivalent fire performance. 

Miscellaneous Compounds. Among simple ionic salts cerium(III) acetate [17829-82-2] as commercially prepared, has lV2 H2O, has a moderate (- 100 g/L) aqueous solubiUty that decreases with increased temperature, and is an attractive precursor to the oxide. Cerous sulfate [13454-94-9] can be made in a wide range of hydrated forms and has solubiUty behavior comparable to that of the acetate. Many double sulfates having alkaU metal and/or ammonium cations, and varying degrees of aqueous solubiUty are known. Cerium(III) phosphate [13454-71 -2] being equivalent to mona2ite, is very stable. 

Most of the reactions occurring at the amino group of the cyanamide molecule requite the anionic species, —N=C=N or HN C=N, sometimes in equivalent amount and occasionally as provided by base catalysis. Therefore, the process conditions for dimerization should be created to avoid the use of any metal salt, such as mono sodium phosphate (4). 

The sodium bicarbonate suppressant attains almost equivalence in performance with the monoammonium phosphate powder. Water has proven to be a very effec tive suppressant of dust, especially grain and Fodder dusts. A suppressant is regarded as being veiy effec tive when an increase of the artivatiou pressure of the explosion system leads... 

Naphthyl phosphate disodium salt [2183-17-7] M 268.1, pK 0.97, pK 5.85 (for free acid). The free acid has m 157-158° (from Me2CO/ C6H6). The free acid is crystd several times by adding 20 parts of boiling CgHg to a hot solution of 1 part of free acid and 1.2 parts of Mc2CO. It has m 157-158°. [J Am Chem Soc 77 4002 1 955.] The monosodium salt was ppted from a soln of the acid phosphate in MeOH by addition of an equivalent of MeONa in MeOH. [J Am Chem Soc 72 624 1950.] See entry on p.550 in Chapter 6. 

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