Phase wrapping

To eliminate these jumps in the phase, a process called phase wrapping is performed, which can be visualized as wrapping the phase function of Figure 6.11(c) around a cylinder with a circumference of n. When the phase function is imwrapped from this cylinder, it forms a continuous function. As shown in Figure 6.12, after phase wrapping in the direct dimension at each coherence time, the phase function is smooth and continuous as a function of frequency. The phase surface has thus been smoothed in the direct dimension. 

The phase must also be wrapped in the indirect dimension. Figure 6.13(b) shows a slice of the phase surface at a particular frequency value, revealing a large number of jumps in the phase as a function of coherence time. After phase wrapping in this dimension, the result, shown in Figure 6.13(c) and 6.13(d), is a smooth phase surface in both dimensions. This process has now yielded the... 

Figure 6.12 Phase wrapping in the directly detected dimension, (a) Original phase surface, grey line shows (b) a slice of phase surface at r = 0. (c) Phase surface after phase wrapping, grey line shows (d) a new slice of phase surface at r =0, after phase wrapping.

Determining the phase surface by using the real and imaginary signal fields, then phase wrapping in both the direct and indirect dimensions to get a smooth phase surface. 

Wrapped nanocrystals. Metal crystallites covered with well-developed graphitic layers are found in soot-like material deposited on the outer surface of a cathode slag. Figure 6 shows a TEM picture of an a(bcc)-Fe particle grown in the cathode soot. Generally, iron crystallites in the tv-Fe phase are faceted. The outer shell is uniform in thickness, and it usually con-... 

Vapor phase inhibitors These are used for the temporary protection of new plant in transit or prior to commissioning. Volatile corrosion inhibitors such as cyclohexylamine derivatives are used. The plant must be sealed or contained to prevent rapid loss of the inhibitor. Sachets of these materials are placed in packing cases. Papers impregnated with them are available for wrapping steel items. These inhibitors are used primarily to protect steel. 

The main consequences are twice. First, it results in contrast degradations as a function of the differential dispersion. This feature can be calibrated in order to correct this bias. The only limit concerns the degradation of the signal to noise ratio associated with the fringe modulation decay. The second drawback is an error on the phase closure acquisition. It results from the superposition of the phasor corresponding to the spectral channels. The wrapping and the nonlinearity of this process lead to a phase shift that is not compensated in the phase closure process. This effect depends on the three differential dispersions and on the spectral distribution. These effects have been demonstrated for the first time in the ISTROG experiment (Huss et al., 2001) at IRCOM as shown in Fig. 14. 

Nurse Another complication is that GO is often wrapped up with the idea of reduced growth rate, in the sense that cells are not accumulating mass. But you can go into a GO state in other parts of the cell cycle which are not pre-S phase. 

One last cautionary note the first order phase can be increased beyond +/- 360° - but shouldn t be If this happens, you will end up with a distorted, wavy baseline. A sine wave is in effect superimposed on the spectrum, so if you see a wavy baseline, check that you haven t wrapped the phase too far. Spectrum 4.4 shows what happens when you go a bit mad with first order phase If you end up in this position, do not attempt any kind of baseline correction as this will add to your problems. Just set both your phase parameters back to zero and start again... 

One synthesis approach that does not rely on CNT formation from the gas phase is molten salt synthesis. The reactor consists of a vertically oriented quartz tube that contains two graphite electrodes (i.e. anode is also the crucible) and is filled with ionic salts (e.g. LiCl or LiBr). An external furnace keeps the temperature at around 600 °C, which leads to the melting of the salt. Upon applying an electric field the ions penetrate and exfoliate the graphite cathode, producing graphene-type sheets that wrap up into CNTs on the cathode surface. Subsequently, the reactor is allowed to cool down, washed with water, and nanocarbon materials are extracted with toluene [83]. This process typically yields 20-30 % MWCNTs of low purity. 

Nanocarbon hybrids have recently been introduced as a new class of multifunctional composite materials [18]. In these hybrids, the nanocarbon is coated by a polymer or by the inorganic material in the form of a thin amorphous, polycrystalline or single-crystalline film. The close proximity and similar size domain/volume fraction of the two phases within a nanocarbon hybrid introduce the interface as a powerful new parameter. Interfacial processes such as charge and energy transfer create synergistic effects that improve the properties of the individual components and even create new properties [19]. We recently developed a simple dry wrapping method to fabricate a special class of nanocarbon hybrid, W03 /carbon nanotube (CNT) coaxial cable structure (Fig. 17.2), in which W03 layers act as an electrochromic component while aligned... 

The maltose-based oligomers are exact linear analogues of CDs. For example, maltoheptaose is composed of seven a(l-4)-linked glucose units such as p-CD. Its linear chain is sufficiently flexible to wrap around guest molecules and form quasi-inclusion complexes in the gas phase." " ... 

Note that the magnitude is exactly the same as the first-order lag alone. Phase angle is decreased by the deadtime contribution. Figure 12.S shows that the Nyquist plot is a spiral that wraps around the origin as it shrinks in magnitude. 

Store the tissue on the chuck if sections are to be cut in the immediate future if not, wrap the tissue in aluminum foil, and place it in a small sealable plastic bag. Store at -70°C or in the vapor phase of a liquid nitrogen freezer (see Note 6). 

Other researchers attempted improved control of product stoichiometry by wrapping reactant-mixture pellets (Tl2Os, BaO, CaO, and CuO) in gold foil and then sealing them in silica ampoules that had been flushed with oxygen (8)(51). Multiphase samples, however, were still obtained. Nominal starting metal compositions of 1 1 3 3 and 2 2 2 3 (Tl Ba Ca Cu) resulted in the largest amounts of 2223 and 2212 phases, respectively the samples... 

Syntheses of near-single phases of the lead-substituted thallium monolayer phases with up to 6 Cu-O layers i.e., Pb-doped 1212, 1223, 1234, 1245, and 1256, have been recently reported (21). Reactant mixtures of various proportions of Tl2Os, PbO, CaO, Ba02, and CuO were pelletized, wrapped in gold foil, and sintered at 860-900°C under flowing oxygen for 10-30 h. The Tc value reached a maximum of 121 K for the 1234 compound and declined with further increase in the number of Cu-O layers. X-ray powder diffraction data for the different phases were refined using the Rietveld method and a consistent increase in the c-axis accompanied the increase in number of Cu-O layers. 

---