Phase transformations reviews

Lysne, P.C., Graham, R.A., Bartel, L.C., and Samara, G.A., Solid State Research and Application Series, VII. Shock Wave-Induced Phase Transformations A Review of the Field, Sandia Laboratories Technical Memorandum No. SC-TM-710907, Albuquerque, NM, 64 pp., December 1971. 

Repeatedly in this book, the important functions of dopants , intentional additives made in small amounts to materials, have been highlighted the use of minor additives to the tungsten used to make lamp filaments is one major example. The role of impurities, both intentional and unintentional, in matters such as phase transformations, mechanical properties and diffusion, was critically reviewed in one of the early seminar volumes published by the American Society for Metals (Marzke 1955). But extreme purity was not considered that came a little later. 

Reviews of shock-induced phase transformations are summarized in Table 2.4. The review of Duvall and Graham [77D01] emphasizes the thermo-... 

Table 2.4. Reviews of shock-induced phase transformations.

Many metals and metallic alloys show martensitic transformations at temperatures below the melting point. Martensitic transformations are structural phase changes of first order which belong to the broader class of diffusion js solid-state phase transformations. These are structural transformations of the crystal lattice, which do not involve long-range atomic movements. A recent review of the properties and the classification of diffusionless transformations has been given by Delayed... 

Semiconductor photocatalysts in a form of colloids, powders, porous granules, thin films or bulk solids including single crystals (used in model studies) provide both liquid phase and gas phase transformations. Comprehensive reviews in this field can be found in monographs [4] (Chapters by N.S.Lewis and M.L.Rosenbluth M.Gratzel M.Schiavello and A.Sclafani P.Pichat and J.-M.Herrmann G.A.Somorjai T.Sakata H.Tributsch M.A.Fox H.Al-Ekabi and N.Serpone D.F.Ollis, E.Pelizzetti and N.Serpone) [8] (Chapter by Yu.A.Gruzdkov, E.N.Savinov and V.N.Parmon) and [3]. 

Chemical solution deposition (CSD) procedures have been widely used for the production of both amorphous and crystalline thin films for more than 20 years.1 Both colloidal (particulate) and polymeric-based processes have been developed. Numerous advances have been demonstrated in understanding solution chemistry, film formation behavior, and for crystalline films, phase transformation mechanisms during thermal processing. Several excellent review articles regarding CSD have been published, and the reader is referred to Refs. 5-12 for additional information on the topic. Recently, modeling of phase transformation behavior for control of thin-film microstructure has also been considered, as manipulation of film orientation and microstructure for various applications has grown in interest.13-15... 

A short review on the development of laser heating in special applications under pressure has been published by Bassett (2001). A heating system to be used, with either ruby or YAG laser, under pressure in a diamond anvil cell has been described. Graphite to diamond and several silicate phase transformations have been studied. 

Ionization of 1,5-hexadiene in fluorochloroalkane matrix (Scheme 2.43) represents cation-radical monomolecular reactions. The initially formed cation-radical collapses to the cyclohexane cation-radical, that is, spontaneous cyclization takes place (Williams 1994). Zhu et al. (1998) pointed out that the ring formation from the excited valence isomer in the center of Scheme 2.43 is easier than in the corresponding ground-state dienes. Notably, tandem mass spectrometry revealed the same transformation of 1,5-hexadiene in the gas phase too. This provides ns with a hint that mass spectrometry can serve as a method to express predictions of monomolecnlar transformation of cation-radicals in the condensed phase. A review by Lobodin and Lebedev (2005) discnsses this possibility in more detail. 

It is commonplace to assume a form of the Gibbs energy function which excludes the pressure variable for solid-state phase transformations, as the magnitude of the PAV term is small at atmospheric pressures. This is of course not the case in geological systems, or if laboratory experiments are deliberately geared to high-pressure environments. Klement and Jayaraman (1966) provide a good review of the data available at the time when some of the earliest CALPHAD-type calculations were made (Kaufman and Bernstein 1970, Kaufman 1974). Much work was also carried out on specific alloy systems such as Fe-C (Hilliard 1963) and the Tl-In system (Meyerhoff and Smith 1963). 

The thermodynamics of phase equilibria is reviewed in Chapter 17 and the fundamental thermodynamic differences between conserved and nonconserved order parameters are reinforced with a geometrical construction. These order parameters are used in the kinetic analyses of continuous and discontinuous phase transformations. 

It can be summarized that c-BN is the stable phase at room temperature but there are still discrepancies about the phase transformation lines and thermodynamic data. Several review articles draw conclusions from the available results (Fig. 7) [11, 41, 51-54] but there are also new results describing c-BN as metastable at standard conditions [55]. 

Not mentioned in this review but certainly important to multiscale modeling related to solid mechanics are topics, such as self-assemblies, thin films, thermal barrier coatings, patterning, phase transformations, nanomaterials design, and semiconductors, all of which have an economic motivation for study. Studies related to these types of materials and structures require multiphysics formulations to understand the appropriate thermodynamics, kinetics, and kinematics. 

Sato, K. (1999). Solidification and phase transformation behavior of food fats— a review. Fett/Lipid, 101, 467-74. [28, 111]... 

This review is organized as follows in Sec. 2, the large scale phenomenological physics of meteors is discussed, detailing observations as well as the respective current interpretations. Meteorites will not be discussed in this review. Studies of the chemical and physical processes associated with meteorites have been largely concerned with composition, phase transformations and entrapment of noble gases in the solid meteorites. The reader is referred to several reviews and textbooks on the subject.The elementary gas-phase molecular dynamics relevant to the meteor environment is discussed in Sec. 3, and will primarily focus on the hyperthermal nonequilibrium processes, in concert with the subject matter of this book. 

Plutonium. Gardner et al. (26) have made a careful high temperature x-ray diflFraction study of the plutonium-oxygen system in the range from room temperature to 900°C. observing diffraction from oxide samples contained in silica capillaries. They review briefly previous work apropos of phase transformations (i.e., thermal and electrical measurements) and construct a phase diagram as shown in Figure 5. 

Lin, 1.1., and Nadiv, S., Review of the phase transformation and synthesis of inorganic solids obtained by mechanical treatment (mechanochemical reactions),... 

Sato, K., Solidification and Phase Transformation Behaviour of Food Fats—A Review, Fett/Upid 101 467-474 (1999). 

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