Petroleum refining pollution control

APIPAT. This is the patent database produced by the American Petroleum Institute and covers patents from 1964 of interest to the petrochemical industry, including petroleum refining, pollution control, uses of petrochemicals, and catalysts. Enhanced indexing includes terms applied from a hierarchical thesaurus with automatic posting to the broader terms in the hierarchy. Fragments called chemical aspects are linked to describe each compound, and the compounds are further linked to roles (eg, reactant or product) and use (eg, antioxidant or lubricant). ORBIT provides access to a merged APIPAT/WPI file, which allows searchers to draw on the strengths of both databases without the need to search them separately (95). 

Control of atmospheric emissions from petroleum refining can be accomplished by process change, installation of control equipment, and improved housekeeping and maintenance. In many cases, recovery of the pollutants will result in economic benefits. Table 30-26 lists some of the control measures that can be used at petroleum refineries. 

Control Measures for Air Pollutants from Petroleum Refining... 

This section describes the major industrial processes within the petroleum refining industry, ineluding the materials and equipment used, and the processes employed. The section is necessary for an understanding of the interrelationships between the industrial processes, the types of air emissions, and control and pollution prevention approaehes. Deseriptions of eommonly used production processes, assoeiated raw materials, by-produets produeed are first deseribed. Petroleum refining is the physieal, thermal, and chemical separation of erude oil into its major distillation fraetions, which are then further proeessed through a series of separation and eonversion steps into finished petroleum produets. The primary products of the industry fall into three major categories ... 

Platinum is used as a catalyst for nitric and sulphuric acid production, in petroleum refining and in catalytic mufflers to control air pollution. Platinum salts can cause respiratory complaints, asthma, and platinosis , an allergic response. Allergic dermatitis may also result from exposure to soluble platinum salts and once subjects have been sensitized it generally precludes continued occupational exposure at any level. The 8 hr TWA OEL for platinum metal is 5 mg/m but for soluble platinum salts it is only 0.002 mg/m. Handling precautions must include containment where possible, ventilation, personal protection, and the screening out of individuals who have become sensitized. 

The EPA has established four different control technologies for the petroleum refining industry best practicable control technology (BPT), best available technology economically achievable (BAT), best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT), and new source performance standards (NSPS). Table 13 shows the BPT and NSPS standards that must be met by the various subcategories (40 CFR Part 419). The limitations for BPT actually incorporate those of both BAT and BCT for this industry. 

U.S. Department of the Interior. The Cost of Clean Water, Volume III, Industrial Waste Profile No. 5-Petroleum Refining-, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, 1967. 

Platinum also is used extensively as a catalyst in hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, oxidation, isomerization, carbonylation, and hydrocracking. Also, it is used in organic synthesis and petroleum refining. Like palladium, platinum also exhibits remarkable abdity to absorb hydrogen. An important application of platinum is in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia in Ostwald s process in the manufacture of nitric acid. Platinum is installed in the catalytic converters in automobile engines for pollution control. 

The patenting activity in the field of rare earth catalysts during 1970 and 1985 is illustrated in Fig. 12.3a. The vertical scale is arbitrary and is based on a total of 580 publications in 1985. As compared to 1970, the total published papers increased by four times and the patents by three times. Further, the patent activity showed a shift in emphasis from petroleum refining to pollution control activity. Other commercial catalyst systems are ammoxidation and dehydrogenation in which rare earths play a crucial role. 

R.A. Meyers, Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986. M.L. Occelli and R. Chianelli, Hydrotreating Technology for Pollution Control Catalysts, Catalysis, and Processes. Marcel Dekker, New York,1996 J.G. Speight, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum. M. Dekker, New York, 1999. 

Pural . [Condea Chemie GmbH] Alumina for prod, of catalysts for petroleum refining, vehicle pollution control, chemical processes. 

The Clean Water Act requires national performance standards for major industries (such as iron and steel manufacturing and petroleum refining) that provide a minimum level of pollution control based on the best technologies available. These national standards result in the removal of over a billion pounds of toxic pollution from our waters every year. 

Chlorine s co-product, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), also has a wide variety of applications (Table 6.19.5) and is used for production of pulp and paper, aluminum, and for petroleum and natural gas refining. It is also needed for pollution control to... 

Organization and Overview. The book is divided into two volumes. The first contains 14 chapters, which cover the origin and characterization of petroleum, major processes for fuel-production, and environmental pollution control. The second volume contains 13 chapters, which focus on lubricants, hydrogen production, process modeling, automation, and refining management. 

---