Petroleum pollutants

Petroleum oils are released into aquatic environment by shipping, off-shore drilling operations, and catastrophic events. The problem of determining the source of an oil spill is difficult for at least three reasons weathering, contamination, and analytical error, 

A differentiation between biomass and petroleum material was reported by Lysyj and Newton C1773, Pyrolysis products of dried algae and of outboard motor oil showed different gas chromatograms, A more detailed investigation was described by Clark and Jurs C443, Each gas chromatogram was represented by a 19-dimensional vector. All 19 vector components were derived from theoriginalchromatogram  

For some of the oil types a trained classifier using only chromatograms of unweathered oils could classify chromatograms of the same oil after weathering with 100 % accuracy. Bayesian classifiers and the learning machine were used in these classifications. 

Infrared spectroscopy is the most frequently used method for the characterization of oil spills. Kawahara et. al. C139, 1403 employed 

Similar results have been obtained by Mattson et. al. C195] with a set of 194 oil samples from six different types. Each infrared spectrum was described by 21 peak heights. 

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Atlas RM (1995) Bioremediation of petroleum pollutants. IntBiodet Biodeg 35 317-327. 

Global BioSciences, Inc., Petroleum Pollutants Case Study Sunoco Service Station/Massachusetts, 2001. Available at www.globalbiosciences.com/sci tech/case studies.php, 2009. 

Payne [30] carried out a field investigation of benzopyrene hydrolysate induction as monitor for marine petroleum pollution. Isaaq et al. [31] isolated stable mutagenic ultraviolet photodecomposition products of benzo(a)pyrene by thin-layer chromatography. 

Duckworth DF (1971) Aspects of petroleum pollutant analysis. In Hepple P (ed) Water pollution in oil. Institute of Petroleum, London, p 165... 

Petroleum pollution monitoring laboratories in the Mediterranean region participated (1984-1986) in two intercalibration exercises (MEDCALI and II) to evaluate the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC) Manual for petroleum hydrocarbon determination in sediment (IOC, Manuals and Guides, No. 11). The main source of error in the analysis was the extraction/ partition step. When the results were corrected for recoveries, relative standard deviations for w-alkancs, UCM (unresolved complex mixture) and total aromatics, which had previously been 60, 56 and 49%, respectively, were reduced to 17, 30 and 6%, respectively. 

Payne, J. F. Field evaluation of benzpyrene hydroxylase induction as a monitor for marine petroleum pollution. Science (1976) 191 945-946. 

The discrepancy in numbers between natural and synthetic varieties is an expression of the usefulness of zeolitic materials in industry, a reflection of their unique physicochemical properties. The crystal chemistry of these aluminosilicates provides selective absorbtion and exchange of a remarkably wide range of molecules. Some zeolites have been called molecular sieves. This property is exploited in the purification and separation of various chemicals, such as in obtaining gasoline from crude petroleum, pollution control, or radioactive waste disposal (Mumpton, 1978). The synthesis of zeolites with a particular crystal structure, and thus specific absorbtion characteristics, has become very competitive (Fox, 1985). Small, often barely detectable, changes in composition and structure are now covered by patents. A brief review of the crystal chemistry of this mineral group illustrates their potential and introduces those that occur as fibers. 

These substances enter the marine environment from a variety of sources, both through natural phenomena and anthropogenic activities. In 1985, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) published an assessment of petroleum pollution of the world s oceans and estimated that between 1.7 and 8.8 million metric tons per annum (mta) of oil enter the oceans. Within this range, 3.2 mta is regarded as the best single estimate—equivalent to about 0.1% of the total oil produced annually worldwide (about 3 billion metric tons). 

Duckworth, D.F. Aspects of Petroleum Pollutant Analysis, in Water Pollution in Oil (Ed. P.Hepplee). Institute of Petroleum, London, p. 165 (1971). 

Spiker, E.C., and Rubin, M. (1975) Petroleum pollutants in surface and groundwater as indicated by carbon-14 activity of dissolved organic carbon. Science 187, 61-64. 

Koren, O., Knezevic, V., Ron, E.Z., and Rosenberg, E. 2003. Petroleum pollution bioremediation using water-insoluble uric acid as the nitrogen source. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 69 6337-39. 

Bartha, R. Biotechnology of petroleum pollutant degradation. Microb. Ecol. 1986, 12, 155-172. 

Botello AV, Villanueva S, Diaz G. 1997. Petroleum pollution in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. Rev Environ Contain Toxicol 153 91-118. 

There are many sources of petroleum pollution in the seas and oceans. These include failures of tankers and drilling platforms as well as dumping of ballast and clearing waters. 

The sad list of tanker failures could go on, but their share in petroleum pollution of seas and oceans is not big. Three times more petroleum is released due to dumping of the water used in washing tanker tanks into the sea or oceans. Also, four times more pollution comes from the waste water of petrochemical factories and almost the same amount of petroleum is released by the disasters that occur at sea platforms. 

Jovancicevic B, Polic P, Vrvic M, Sheeder G, Teschner T, Wehner H (2003) Transformations of n-alkanes from petroleum pollutants in alluvial ground waters. Environ Chem Lett 1, 73-81. 

The history of SPE dates from more than fifty years ago, with granulated active carbons previously used in water treatment technologies. The pioneer work was conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service (Cincinnati, OH). After that, other approaches were investigated with petroleum pollutants, insecticides and VOCs. Disadvantages such as irreversible adsorption, analyte reactions on the activated carbon surface and low recoveries started research in new sorbent materials. See the historical review of SPE by I. Liska. ... 

Contrary to intuitive expectation, organic films on the surface of the sea in the absence of petroleum pollution do not consist of the classically known simple surfactants such as the fatty acids and their esters of planktonic origin. Instead, such films consist for the most part of complex polymeric material with a high degree of hydroxylation, carboxylation and proteinaceous content, with the simple lipids accounting for at most a few percents of ambient sea films and perhaps a little more in compressed natural slicks. There are no qualitative differences in this composition in and out of such slicks, as evidenced by the IR spectral results as well as DOC, DON measurements, etc. Fatty lipids do appear, however, to become more important in natural slicks. 

Albaig s J (1980) Fingerprinting petroleum pollutants in the Mediterranean sea. In Albaig s J (ed) Analytical techniques in environmental chemistry. Pergamon, Oxford, UK, pp 69-81... 

Contamination of the world s oceans began to be considered an ecological problem of great concern only in the seventies. For the most part, this was connected with tanker catastrophes and petroleum pollution of the sea. Earlier, no one believed that the use of areas of water as a place for the burial of needless things was wrong. 

The effect of petroleum pollution of soil on growth of the winter wheat... 

When petroleum pollutant leaked into the soil environment, it would damage the plant ecosystem structure and function of the microbial, soil, the plant growth, seed and fruit quality, etc P . The higher the petroleum concentration became the more rapidly the germination, growth and yield of crops declinedli l. 

Li Chun-Rong Wang Wen-Ke Cao Yu-Qing Wang Li-Juan. Petroleum Pollutions... 

Jianfeng Ren,"Effect of Petroleum Pollutants in Typical Soil on Growth of Crop in Jilin... 

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