Vertical scaling

Figure 5.12 shows the J= — 0 transition of the linear molecule cyanodiacetylene (H—C=C—C=C—C=N) observed in emission in Sagittarius B2 (Figure 5.4 shows part of the absorption spectrum in the laboratory). The three hyperfine components into which the transition is split are due to interaction between the rotational angular momentum and the nuclear spin of the nucleus for which 1= 1 (see Table 1.3). The vertical scale is a measure of the change of the temperature of the antenna due to the received signal. 

Figure 6.27 The IJSq, 77 — infrared band of acetylene. (The unusual vertical scale allows both the very intense Q branch and the weak P and R branches to be shown conveniently)...

Alternative representations of stream temperature and energy have been proposed. Perhaps the best known is the heat-content diagram, which represents each stream as an area on a graph (3) where the vertical scale is temperature, and the horizontal is heat capacity times flow rate. Sometimes this latter quantity is called capacity rate. The stream area, ie, capacity rate times temperature change, represents the enthalpy change of the stream. 

If necessary, the fit can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial part of Eq. (9-89), so that this approach provides a veiy flexible method of simulation of a cumulative-frequency distribution. The method can even be extended to J-shaped cui ves, which are characterized by a maximum frequency at x = 0 and decreasing frequency for increasing values of x, by considering the reflexion of the cui ve in the y axis to exist. The resulting single maximum cui ve can then be sampled correctly by Monte Carlo methods if the vertical scale is halved and only absolute values of x are considered. 

On Figure 6.1.1, the four consecutive reaction steps are indicated on a vertical scale with the forward reaction above the corresponding reverse reaction. The lengths of the horizontal lines give the value of the rate of reaction in mol/m s on a logarithmic scale. In steady-state the net rates of all four steps must be equal. This is given on the left side with 4 mol/m s rate difference, which is 11 mm long. The forward rate of the first step is 4.35 molW s and the reverse of the first reaction is only 0.35 mol/m s, a small fraction of the forward rate. 

Once again, the vertical scale is only relative and any stream can be moved up or down on the diagram. A convenient way of vertically placing each arrow is to... 

Note that the vertical scale in the graph on the left is logarilhmici We hove plotted the smaller jobs again in the graph ot the right, using o smaller scale, so you con see their relolive sizes more clearly. 

Figure Al.l Radial functions for a hydrogen atom. (Note that the horizontal scale is the same in each graph but the vertical scale varies by as much as a factor of 100. The Bohr radius Oq = 52.9 pm.)...

Note Because vertical scales difier, graphs should not be compared. SOURCE Department of Energy, Annucil Energy Beview 1997. 

For pipe sizes larger than 3-in., follow the steps (1) thru (8) above. Then enter the vertical scale at the steam pressure of (1) above, and more to the 3-in. pipe size and down to the horizontal velocity scale. 

Choose a theoretical distribution of time to failure and use the corresponding hazard paper to plot the data on. Various hazard papers are shown in the figure. The theoretical distribution should be chosen on the basis of engineering knowledge of the units and their failure modes. On the vertical axis of the hazard paper, mark a time scale that includes the range of the sample chosen, and mark the vertical scale off from 1000 to... 

To determine the surface area of the patient, draw a straight line between the point representing his height on the left vertical scale to the point representing his weight on the right vertical scale. The point at which this line intersects the middle vertical scale represents the patient s surface area in square meters. (Courtesy of Abbott Laboratories)... 

FIGURE 3.44 In a typical insulating solid, a full valence band is separated by a substantial energy gap from the empty conduction band. Note the break in the vertical scale. 

Through these four points we draw a smooth curve, as shown in Fig. 1, which we accept as representing the dependence of carbon-carbon interatomic distance on double-bond character for single bond-double bond resonance. We believe that by a suitable translation and a change of vertical scale (to give the correct end-points) the same function can fee used for bonds between other atoms, and probably also for double bond-triple bond resonance. This use of the curve will be illustrated below. 

Fig. 3. Curves showing values of the reciprocal of the metallic radius for ligancy 12 of metals of the sequences Ca to Ge, Sr to Sn, and Ba to Pb. The vertical scale has been shifted down for the second and third sequences by 0.1 and 0.2, respectively.

Figure 5.6. 5 C data for browsers and grazers from Border cave, plotted against age (vertical scale). The shaded areas represent the 5 C values of modem grazers and browsers. Filled squares and circles are tooth enamel the open square is bone. The chronology obtained from ESR measurements of faunal enamel has been used hence the sequence appears somewhat younger than outlined previously (Grun et al. 1990 Beaumont et al. 1978). The sequence is in fact longer, but no isotopic data are available beyond Stratum IGBS.LRA ( 80Ka).

FIG. 13 Top-. SPFM image of the spreading front of a smectic drop of 8CB liquid crystal on a Si wafer, showing a layered structure. Each layer is 32 A thick. The layers advance in the direction of the arrow at the rate of 20-30 A/s at room temperature. Middle-. Profile of the droplet front showing the steps. Bottom-. Drop and surrounding smectic layers. Vertical scale is greatly exaggerated. (From Ref. 62.)... 

The activation energy diagram for the reaction between O3 and O. Notice the break in the vertical scale the overall reaction is exothermic by -392 kJ. ... 

Figure 7. Normalized W-Li edge absorbances from WO -ZrO samples 2.2 % wt. W (A), 11.6% wt. W (B), 0.3% wt. Pt, 12.7% wt. W (C), and 21.0% wt. W (D), and bulk WO3 (E). Difference spectra at right, with equivalent vertical scale, calculated by subtracting the WO3 spectra from sample spectra.

Fig. 31.14. Performance of three computer algorithms for eigenvalue decomposition as a function of the dimension of the input matrix. The horizontal and vertical scales are scaled logarithmically. Execution time is proportional to a power 2.6 of the dimension.

Take a moment to survey the spectrum and ask yourself if it is fit for purpose Of course, if you have run it yourself, then it should be fine but this may not always be so with walk-up systems. Is the line shape and resolution up to standard Has the spectrum been phased correctly Is the vertical scale well adjusted so that you can see the tops of all the peaks (except perhaps, obvious... 

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