Petroleum history

J. Forbes, "Studies in Early Petroleum History, E. J. Brill, ed., Leiden, Netherlands, 52 (1958). 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

Perhaps the most notable aspect of the history of the API operation is that it has been shaped at every step by those who use the system. Created by information speciaHsts within the petroleum iadustry, it has beea governed by a technical information committee made up of company representatives, and guided by a series of iadustry task forces, which have modified as aeeded the indexing thesaums, subject selectioa guideliaes, and selection rules for countries ia pateat coverage, journals, and other sources ia the aoapateatHterature. 

Seam correlations, measurements of rank and geologic history, interpretation of petroleum (qv) formation with coal deposits, prediction of coke properties, and detection of coal oxidation can be deterrnined from petrographic analysis. Constituents of seams can be observed over considerable distances, permitting the correlation of seam profiles in coal basins. Measurements of vitrinite reflectance within a seam permit mapping of variations in thermal and tectonic histories. Figure 2 indicates the relationship of vitrinite reflectance to maximum temperatures and effective heating time in the seam (11,15). 

EnnSjJ. (1962). Petroleum, Progress and Profits A History of Process Innovation. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

S cc also Catalysts Combustion Gasoline and Additives Heat and Heating Petroleum Consumption Refineries Refining, History of. 

Elios, J. (1962). Petroleum, Progress and Profits A History of Process Innovation. Cambridge, MA MIT Pres.s. Frankenburg, W. G., ct. al., cds. (1954). Advances in Catalysis and Related Subjects. New York Academic Press. 

McCaslin, J. C. (1983). Petroleum Exploration Worldwide A History of Advances Since 1950 and a Look at Future Targets. Tulsa, OK PennWell Books. 

PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate Petit, Rowland, 524 Petroleum, catalytic cracking of, 100 composition of, 99-100 gasoline from. 99-100 history of, 99 refining of, 99-100 Pharmaceuticals, approval procedure for, 165 origin of, 164 Phenol(s), 599... 

Miedziankit. A type of chlorate expls manufd in Ger and Poland prior to WWII. They typically contd K or Na chlorate 88—91 and liq hydrocarbons (with flash p not below 30°) 12—9% (Ref 1) K chlorate 90 and petroleum 10% or K chlorate 87, petroleum distillate 10 and beech-wood flour 3%. Their history, props and prepn are detailed in Ref 2... 

The history of corrosion inhibitors and neutralizers and their invention, development, and application in the petroleum industry is documented by a review of Fisher [605]. Early corrosion inhibitor applications in each of the various segments of the industry, including oil wells, natural gas plants, refineries, and product pipelines, are reviewed. 

Pipelines have a long history. In ancient times, pipelines were used for water transport. Examples are still visible in archeologic areas. However, it is clear that these early constructions could not bear large pressures. The advent of gas pipelines started between 1820 and 1830 with the distribution of town gas. Nowadays pipelines are indispensable in petroleum industries for the transport of various materials, including natural gas, crude oil of various types, and refined products. 

Petroleum and chemical engineers perform oil reservoir simulation to optimize the production of oil and gas. Black-oil, compositional or thermal oil reservoir models are described by sets of differential equations. The measurements consist of the pressure at the wells, water-oil ratios, gas-oil ratios etc. The objective is to estimate through history matching of the reservoir unknown reservoir properties such as porosity and permeability. 

Figure 18 28 History matched and forecasted production by Models B and C, and comparison with actual. (a) Water and Gas production, (h) Oil production [reprinted from the Journal of the Canadian Petroleum Technology with permission].

G. R. Prescott, History and Basis of Prediction of Hydrogen Attack of C-0.5Mo Steel, a state-of-the-art review presented at Second International Conference on Interaction of Steels with Hydrogen in Petroleum Industry Pressure Vessel and Pipeline Service, The Materials Properties Council, Inc., Vienna, Austria, October 19-21,1994. 

If we look at the past 2000 years history of fuels, usage has consistently moved in the direction of a cleaner fuel wood —> coal —> petroleum —> propane —> methane as shown on the next page. 

McCoy, A.W., III, 1953, Tectonic history of Denver basin. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 37,1873-1893. 

The New York Times reports this is one of the deadliest periods for the American petrochemical industry s history "Alarm(ing) company executives, the 12 worst explosions killed 79 people, injured 833, and caused roughly 2 billion in damage". In the U.S.A. over 34,500 industrial chemical accidents were reported during the period of 1988-1992, nearly one every hour. Over 2,000 of these resulted in injuries, evacuations or fatalities. Some 40 percent occurred concentrated in just two percent of the counties of the U.S., primarily in California, Texas and Louisiana, home to most and some of the largest petroleum and chemical facilities in the U.S.A. 

The SVE case history discussed is included as a typical situation, similar to many projects encountered in the field that diverge from the ideal case. The site is located adjacent to a vehicle maintenance building in southern California. A 3000-gal and a 5000-gal UST were used to store unleaded gasoline, and a 550-gal UST was used to store petroleum-based paint thinner (Figure 10.15). To add to the situation, different phases of the project were completed by different consultants, and, due to administrative issues, almost 4 years passed between removal of the USTs and completion of the remediation activities. 

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