History Petroleum Processing

EnnSjJ. (1962). Petroleum, Progress and Profits A History of Process Innovation. Cambridge, MA MIT Press. 

Elios, J. (1962). Petroleum, Progress and Profits A History of Process Innovation. Cambridge, MA MIT Pres.s. Frankenburg, W. G., ct. al., cds. (1954). Advances in Catalysis and Related Subjects. New York Academic Press. 

Maybe the best way to start here is with a good empirical observation of VOORHIES [1], who noted that in the deactivation of various catalysts used for petroleum processing the activity history was well tracked by an expression of the form ... 

Enos, J.L. "Petroleum Progress and Profits. A History of Process Innovation,"M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962. 

Larson, Knowlton, and Popple (ref. 51), 155-156 John L. Enos, Petroleum progress and profits A history of process innovation (Cambridge, 1962), 190. 

An overview of some of the significant findings of surfactant adsorption research is presented. Subjects include the importance of surfactant adsorption in petroleum applications, some history of surfactant adsorption research, the mechanisms which have been proposed to explain observed adsorption behavior, and a review of several significant surfactant adsorption studies. The emphasis of this review is understanding the mechanisms of surfactant adsorption as they relate to applications of surfactants in petroleum processes. 

In Chapter 2 we sketched the processes by which petroleum is refined and polyester is made from petroleum fractions and natural gas liquids. In Chapter 3 we sketched the history of the major petrochemical companies and looked at several important single-reaction systems. In this chapter we will consider the evolution of feedstocks and intermediates in the petroleum and chemical industries. 

Raw data gathered from seismic surveys must be processed to compensate for and to remove a variety of distortions unwanted noises created by weathered near-surface rocks, normal time delays, and echoing by rebounding acoustic waves—to provide the clearest possible image of the strata below. Computers can restore these distortions in a fraction of the time that was formerly required to adjust the data painstakingly by hand. Advanced techniques not only permit presentations in three dimensions, but also in color, and to create contour maps and models of subterranean features. However, even with the use of sophisticated tools, there remains a large measure of uncertainty. History has shown repeatedly that a prospective area rejected by one petroleum firm has been accepted by another and proved to be successful. 

The history of the oxo reaction is also noteworthy. It was developed originally in Germany in the years following World War 1. At that time, the German chemical industry was faced with inadequate supplies of petroleum. Many German chemists therefore turned to research on ways by which hydrocarbons could be synthesized from smaller building blocks, particularly carbon monoxide and hydrogen derived from coal. The success achieved was remarkable and led to alkane and alkene syntheses known as the Fischer-Tropsch process ... 

The hazard of water in process units has been present throughout the entire history of petroleum refining. Many persons have been injured or killed because of the uncontrolled mixing of water and hot oil or the heating of bottled-in liquids with no provisions for pressure relief. Stills have ruptured, vessels have exploded violently and exchangers have been blown apart.. .. A knowledge of how water reacts, where it can be expected and how to eliminate or control it will make your unit safer and your job easier. 

H. Heinemann History of Industrial Catalysis The first chapter reviews industrial catalytic developments, which have been commercialized during the last fourty years. Emphasis is put on heterogeneous catalytic processes, largely in the petroleum, petrochemical and automotive industries, where the largest scale applications have occurred. Homogeneous catalytic processes are briefly treated and polymerization catalysis is mentioned. The author concentrates on major inventions and novel process chemistry and engineering (79 references). 

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