Stabilization of petroleum

To prevent the loss of petroleum, it is necessary to achieve complete hermetic sealing during petroleum transportation by all methods. However, the existence currently of non-perfect hermetic pipelines does not allow this. 

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it is necessary to remove the gases and light fractions from petroleum at the oil wells and to direct them for further processing. This consequently lowers the evaporation ability of petroleum. 

It is also possible to prevent the loss of the light fractions of petroleum by application of rational systems of petroleum extraction, gas treatment, and petroleum stabilization before its subsequent transport and storage. It is necessary to understand that stabilization of petroleum in this case is the extraction of light hydrocarbons (which under normal conditions are gases) for further processing in the petrochemical industry. 

separation is used in this case as the main method for petroleum stabilization at the oil wells. Separators of the widest applicability are of gravitational and centrifugal designs. 

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Although petroleum refiners are not unfamiliar with questions of thermal stability of petroleum products, jet fuel stability requirements (stable in the range 400—500°F) presented a new set of problems. One of the first things to be done was to define limits of acceptable stability. Such limits naturally would depend upon individual engine design and the environment to which the fuel is exposed. Fuels meeting one set of conditions could conceivably fail to meet another set. The solution devise some sort of laboratory test that would correlate with actual engine performance... 

The chemical nature of water in the petroleum layer has an influence on the stability of petroleum emulsions. All the water layers contain chemically different materials. However, they can all be divided into two basic groups the first group is hard water containing calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, etc. the second group is alkaline water. The presence of increased amounts of acid in the water layer leads to the formation of more stable emulsions. Adding alkali to the emulsion can reduce the amount of acid in the water layer. 

Yet sulfur compounds also cause problems for human civilization, acid rain being the best known. Eurthermore, they poison catalysts involved in industrial chemical processes and impair the storage stability of petroleum products. 

Propylene oxide is a useful chemical intermediate. Additionally, it has found use for etherification of wood (qv) to provide dimensional stabiUty (255,256), for purification of mixtures of organosiUcon compounds (257), for disinfection of cmde oil and petroleum products (258), for steriliza tion of medical equipment and disinfection of foods (259,260), and for stabilization of halogenated organics (261—263). 

Lubinski, A., Developments in Petroleum Engineering edited by Stefan Miska, vol 1 Stability of Tubulars Deviation Control, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, 1987. 

New cultures of Rhodococcus strains, useful for desulfurization of petroleum and its products, comprises high catalytic stability which allows culture recycling [86],... 

Acidic micro- and mesoporous materials, and in particular USY type zeolites, are widely used in petroleum refinery and petrochemical industry. Dealumination treatment of Y type zeolites referred to as ultrastabilisation is carried out to tune acidity, porosity and stability of these materials [1]. Dealumination by high temperature treatment in presence of steam creates a secondary mesoporous network inside individual zeolite crystals. In view of catalytic applications, it is essential to characterize those mesopores and to distinguish mesopores connected to the external surface of the zeolite crystal from mesopores present as cavities accessible via micropores only [2]. Externally accessible mesopores increase catalytic effectiveness by lifting diffusion limitation and facilitating desorption of reaction products [3], The aim of this paper is to characterize those mesopores by means of catalytic test reaction and liquid phase breakthrough experiments. 

Douglas, G., Bence, A., Prince, R., McMillen, S., and Butler, E., 1996, Environmental Stability of Selected Petroleum Hydrocarbon Source and Weathering Ratios Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 2332-2339. 

Rosscup, R. J. and Bowman, J., 1967, Thermal Stabilities of Vanadium and Petroporphyrins Preprints of the Division of Petroleum Chemistry, American Chemical Society, Vol. 12, 77 pp. 

There are various test methods used throughout the petroleum industry to help determine the stability of distillate fuel. Most methods involve heating the fuel and exposing it to either air or an oxygen-rich mixture for a specific period of time. The basic format for most stability test methods involves the following methodology ... 

The following is a listing and summary of common methods utilized throughout the petroleum industry to rate the stability of distillate fuel ... 

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