Petroleum geology

Yerkes R. F., Wagner H. C. and Yenne K. A. (1969) Petroleum development in the region of the Santa Barbara Channel. Geology, Petroleum Development, and Seismicity of the Santa Barbara Channel Region, California. US Geological Survey Prof. Paper, 679, 13-2. 

Fluid Dynamics Mining Engineering Petroleum Geology Petroleum Refining Polymer Processing Rock Mechanics... 

Gas Reservoirs Heavy Oil Hydrocarbons Petroleum Engineering Petroleum Geology Petroleum Industry and Trade Petroleum Pipelines Petroleum Products Petroleum Refineries Petroleum Refining Petroleum Reserves Petroleum, Synthetic Secondary Recovery of Oil Thermal Oil Recovery... 

Geologiya Nefti i Gaza (Petroleum Geology). Petroleum Geology, Virginia. 

Even if all of the elements described so far have been present within a sedimentary basin an accumulation will not necessarily be encountered. One of the crucial questions in prospect evaluation is about the timing of events. The deformation of strata into a suitable trap has to precede the maturation and migration of petroleum. The reservoir seal must have been intact throughout geologic time. If a leak occurred sometime in the past, the exploration well will only encounter small amounts of residual hydrocarbons. Conversely, a seal such as a fault may have developed early on in the field s history and prevented the migration of hydrocarbons into the structure. 

Miall, Andrew (1984) Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis,468p, Springer Verlag North, F. K., (1985) Petroleum Geology, 607p, Allen Unwin... 

Oil shale deposits were formed in ancient lakes and seas by the slow deposition of organic and inorganic remains. The geology and composition of the inorganic minerals and organic kerogen components of oil shale vary with deposit locations throughout the world (1) (see also Fuel RESOURCES Petroleum). 

W. A. England and A. J. Eleet, Petroleum Migration, Special Publication No. 59, Geological Society, London, 1991, 280 pp. 

Most of the large volume of cmde petroleum consumed in the world is extracted from only a small fraction of the total number of oil fields discovered. The concentration of cmde petroleum in a few large fields is a consequence of the interaction of the geologic processes that create and trap petroleum. Even though commercial quantities of petroleum have been discovered in many locaHties around the world, there are enormous volume differences in fields present in a single region and in the total volume of petroleum present in different regions. 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

E. P. Katsanis, P. H. Kmmrine, and J. S. Ealcone, Jr., "Chemistry of Precipitation and Scale Formation in Geological Systems," SPE preprint 11802, National Symposium on Oil Field and Geothermal Chemisty, Denver, Colo., June 1, Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1983. 

API, Modeling Aerobic Biodegradation of Dissolved Hydrocarbons in Heterogenous Geologic Formations, Pubhcation No. 848-00200, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Seam correlations, measurements of rank and geologic history, interpretation of petroleum (qv) formation with coal deposits, prediction of coke properties, and detection of coal oxidation can be deterrnined from petrographic analysis. Constituents of seams can be observed over considerable distances, permitting the correlation of seam profiles in coal basins. Measurements of vitrinite reflectance within a seam permit mapping of variations in thermal and tectonic histories. Figure 2 indicates the relationship of vitrinite reflectance to maximum temperatures and effective heating time in the seam (11,15). 

Porous Media Packed beds of granular solids are one type of the general class referred to as porous media, which include geological formations such as petroleum reservoirs and aquifers, manufactured materials such as sintered metals and porous catalysts, burning coal or char particles, and textile fabrics, to name a few. Pressure drop for incompressible flow across a porous medium has the same quahtative behavior as that given by Leva s correlation in the preceding. At low Reynolds numbers, viscous forces dominate and pressure drop is proportional to fluid viscosity and superficial velocity, and at high Reynolds numbers, pressure drop is proportional to fluid density and to the square of superficial velocity. 

H. J. Neumann, B. Paczynska-Falime and D. Severin, Geology of Petroleum, Vol. 5, Composition and Properties of Petroleum, Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart Germany (1981). 

Law, B. E., and Spencer, C. W. (1993). Gas in Tight Reservoirs—An Emerging Major Source of Energy. hiThe Future ofEnergy Gases, ed. David B. Howell. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1570, 233-252. Masters, C. D. Attanasi, E. D and Root, D. H. (1994). World Petroleum Assessment and Analysis. Proceedings... 

Hyne, N. J. (1995). Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production. Tulsa, OK PennWell. 

Proved reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be corn-... 

U.S. Geological Suiwey. (2U0U). U.S. Geological Survey World Petroleum Assessment 2000—Description and Results. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. 

General Rock Types 240. Historical Geology 24 1. Petroleum Geology 242. Source Rocks 243. 

Petroleum engineers are traditionally involved in activities known in the oil industry as the front end of the petroleum fuel cycle (petroleum is either liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons derived from natural deposits—reservoirs—in the earth). These front end activities are namely exploration (locating and proving out the new geological provinces with petroleum reservoirs that may be exploited in the future), and development (the systematic drilling, well completion, and production of economically producible reservoirs). Once the raw petroleum fluids (e.g., crude oil and natural gas) have been produced from the earth, the back end of the fuel cycle takes the produced raw petroleum fluids and refines the.se fluids into useful products. 

Link, P, Basic Petroleum Geology, OGCE Publications, 1982. 

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