Petroleum catalytic cracker

Conventional PIBs are generally prepared by pol5mierizing isobutylene or an isobutylene-containing composition from a petroleum catalytic cracker, with an active acidic pol5mierization catalyst such as AICI3. 

Additive inhibitors have been developed to reduce the contaminant coke produced through nickel-cataly2ed reactions. These inhibitors are injected into the feed stream going to the catalytic cracker. The additive forms a nickel complex that deposits the nickel on the catalyst in a less catalyticaHy active state. The first such additive was an antimony compound developed and first used in 1976 by Phillips Petroleum. The use of the antimony additive reportedly reduced coke yields by 15% in a commercial trial (17). 

Unlike coke produced from coal, petroleum cokes are derived from the residua of petroleum refining. Suitable feedstocks for good quality coke are thermal tars, catalytic cracker bottoms, and decant oils [17]. 

Assuming that demand for petroleum continues to increase at a rate of 1.2% per annum to 2010,37 and that all gasoline and diesel produced by U.S. refineries will have a sulfur content of less than 30 ppm, desulfurization of gasoline and diesel to these low levels will require extensive hydrotreating of both catalytic cracker feed and product of distillate. 

Of the many factors which influence product yields in a fluid catalytic cracker, the feed stock quality and the catalyst composition are of particular interest as they can be controlled only to a limited extent by the refiner. In the past decade there has been a trend towards using heavier feedstocks in the FCC-unit. This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. It is therefore important to study how molecular types, characteristic not only of heavy petroleum oil but also of e.g. coal liquid, shale oil and biomass oil, respond to cracking over catalysts of different compositions. 

This paper discusses developments in solvent extraction with emphasis on applications to petroleum fractions in the kerosene and heavier boiling range. Many of these techniques have been extended to the refining of gasoline, Diesel fuels, catalytic cracker feed and cycle stocks, and butadiene. 

Well over 50 large-scale EO model-based RTO applications have been deployed for petroleum refining processes. These model applications have been deployed in petroleum refineries Liporace et al., 2009 Camolesi et al., 2008 Mudt et al., 1995, both on separation units (crude atmospheric and vacuum distillation units) and on reactor units (including fluidized catalytic crackers (FCC), gasoline reformers, and hydrocrackers). 

The oil furnace process uses aromatic petroleum oils and residues as feedstock and in the oil furnace process (Fig. 1), a highly aromatic feedstock oil (usually a refinery catalytic cracker residue or coal tar-derived material) is converted to the desired grade of carbon black by partial combustion and pyrolysis at 1400 to 1650°C in a refractory (mainly alumina) -lined steel reactor. 

Fluidized beds are used for both catalytic and noncatalytic reactions. In the catalytic category, there are fluidized catalytic crackers of petroleum, acrylonitrile production from propylene and ammonia, and the chlorination of olefins to alkyl chlorides. Noncatalytic reactions include fluidized combustion of coal and calcination of lime. 

To facilitate the maintenance and updating of plant performance inputs, we have developed and implemented an LP preprocessor. This preprocessor automatically generates and stores in the LP database the usage of equipment and utilities, the product yields, and the product properties for six process units at Sun Petroleum Products Company s Toledo Refinery. Linked to the preprocessor are three already existing process simulators a fluid catalytic cracker or FCC simulator, a hydrocracker simulator, and a catalytic reformer simulator. 

Catalytic Cracker Bottoms (CCB) which is the heavy residue from the catalytic cracking of petroleum distillate is a common aromatic feedstock used for synthetic carbons and pitch production. CCB, like other heavy aromatic feedstock, is composed of alkyl-substituted polycondensed aromatics with a very wide molecular weight distribution. 

We are in the process of designing a catalytic cracker for our petroleum division. As part of this work, will you please submit a design for a single-pass heat exchanger based on the information given below ... 

Tutagaki SK. 1983. Petroleum refinery workers exposure to PAHs at fluid catalytic cracker, coker, and asphalt processing units. Cincinnati, OH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH publ. no. 83-111. 

The process concept involves the extraction of light hydrocarbon oils from asphaltic petroleum supercritical solvents followed by a subsequent fractionation and separation of the oil from the solvent. It is stated that the metal compounds which are present in the asphaltic petroleum do not dissolve in the solvent under the conditions of operation. The primary difference claimed for this new process relative to the old processes is that the solvent is at or above the critical temperature rather than below the critical temperature as is described in prior art. The operation is explained in the patent with the aid of a simple distillation-like extraction vessel. Asphaltic feedstock is heated and introduced into the extraction vessel. The solvent is also heated and introduced into the vessel and the two streams are mixed. The temperature is maintained at or above the critical temperature of the solvent. In the extractor, the non-soluble components of the feed setde and are removed and sent to a stripper to recover and recycle the solvent. Several examples give quantitative information when an asphaltic feedstock containing 28 ppm Ni, 220 ppm V is used. The oil yield and metal content results are given below for two cases where the solvent is catalytic cracker gasoline and propane, resf>ectively. 

Petroleum pitch can be obtained from a wide variety of sources such as from the bottoms of catalytic crackers, steam cracking of naphtha and gas oils, and residues from various distillation and refinery processes. The crude product is given an initial refining process, which can include one, or a combination of, several treatments ... 

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