Petrochemicals olefins

Interestingly, no reaction of bis(dithiolene) complexes with simple, monoolefins such as aliphatic olefins (ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, etc.) had been reported until recently (77-79). Simple olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and 1-hexene have been found to react with Ni(tfd)2 under ambient conditions. The reaction is clean, selective, and reversible. The dithiolene complex does not react with H20, CO, C2H2, H2, or low concentrations of H2S under the same conditions. The reaction could therefore be useful in cleaning up petrochemical olefin feeds in which these molecules are present as contaminants. 

In 1956 the Du Pont executive committee decided not to expand its output of basic petrochemicals, olefins, aromatics, and basic polymers, even though it produced these chemicals during the war and had pioneered in the commercializing of polyethylene. The reason for the committee s decision was... 

The key bulk chemicals are the inorganic acids (sulphuric, nitric and hydrochloric), phosphates and fertilisers, chlorine, caustic soda and soda ash. and the organic intermediate materials for petrochemicals (olefins, methanol and aromatic compounds), as w ell, of course, as the petrochemicals themselves, especially the ever-incieasing range of thermoplastic polymers. 

MAPSearch http //www.mapsearch.com/home.cfm (accessed July 23, 2010). Provides maps, databases, and GIS products on oil, gas, petroleum, and electric power in the United States and Canada. MAPSearch products are published as GIS (Geographical Information Systems) data, or in wall map, state map, or atlas format. The most detailed references available are five major U.S./Canada atlases on crude oil, LPG/NPL (liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas liquid), natural gas, refined products, and petrochemicals/olefins. Each atlas contains information on the pipelines and facilities for the commodity covered. State maps and systems maps are also published. 

Along with these very large plants and the associated enormous investment in them, most of the chemical industry is characterized by high investment versus low labor components in the cost of manufacture. The National Industrial Conference Board statistics list the chemical industry as one of the highest in terms of capital investment per production worker. The investment per worker in a base petrochemicals olefins plant may well exceed a quarter of a million dollars. Once again, however, such an index covers a spectrum of operations, and for a profitable chemical specialties manufacturer the investment may be on the order of 25,000 dollars per worker. Employment in selected parts of the chemical industry is given in Table 1.5. 

It has already been mentioned that petrochemicals account for only a little more than 7 vol % of all petroleum feedstocks. Earlier, Table 15.7 gave the vast array of the applications of these petrochemicals. Olefins and aromatics make up a big part of the total. 

The ozonolysis of acyclic alkenes including terpenes is reviewed in Ref. [85]. The role of ozonolysis as ecological process for the selective and specialized oxidation of petrochemical olefins and cyclic alkenes, for the manufacture of biologically active substances and normal organic compounds is thoroughly discussed in Ref. [86],... 

There are little or no olefins in crude oil or straight run (direct from crude distillation) products but they are found in refining products, particularly in the fractions coming from conversion of heavy fractions whether or not these processes are thermal or catalytic. The first few compounds of this family are very important raw materials for the petrochemical Industry e.g., ethylene, propylene, and butenes. 

It is convenient to divide the petrochemical industry into two general sectors (/) olefins and (2) aromatics and their respective derivatives. Olefins ate straight- or branched-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons, the most important being ethylene (qv), [74-85-1] propjiene (qv) [115-07-17, and butadiene (qv) [106-99-0J. Aromatics are cycHc unsaturated hydrocarbons, the most important being benzene (qv) [71-43-2] toluene (qv) [108-88-3] p- s.y en.e [106-42-3] and (9-xylene [95-47-5] (see Xylenes and ethylbenzene) There are two other large-volume petrochemicals that do not fall easily into either of these two categories ammonia (qv) [7664-41-7] and methanol (qv) [67-56-1]. These two products ate derived primarily from methane [74-82-8] (natural gas) (see Hydrocarbons, c -c ). 

Companies whose primary business is the production of ethylene derivatives, such as thermoplastics, tend to use ethane and propane feedstocks which minimise by-product streams and maximize ethylene production for their derivative plants. Table 1 provides a summary of the 1990 production quantity and value of primary olefins petrochemicals and olefin feedstocks in the United States. 

About 35% of total U.S. LPG consumption is as chemical feedstock for petrochemicals and polymer iatermediates. The manufacture of polyethylene, polypropylene, and poly(vinyl chloride) requires huge volumes of ethylene (qv) and propylene which, ia the United States, are produced by thermal cracking/dehydrogenation of propane, butane, and ethane (see Olefin polymers Vinyl polymers). 

Most of the industrially important alkyl aromatics used for petrochemical intermediates are produced by alkylating benzene [71-43-2] with monoolefins. The most important monoolefins for the production of ethylbenzene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are ethylene, propylene, and olefins with 10—18 carbons, respectively. This section focuses primarily on these alkylation technologies. 

Fatty amines are nitrogen derivatives of fatty acids, olefins, or alcohols prepared from natural sources, fats and oils, or petrochemical raw materials. Commercially available fatty amines consist of either a mixture of carbon chains or a specific chain length from C The amines are classified as... 

Propjiene [115-07-17, CH2CH=CH2, is perhaps the oldest petrochemical feedstock and is one of the principal light olefins (1) (see Feedstocks). It is used widely as an alkylation (qv) or polymer—ga soline feedstock for octane improvement (see Gasoline and other motor fuels). In addition, large quantities of propylene are used ia plastics as polypropylene, and ia chemicals, eg, acrylonitrile (qv), propylene oxide (qv), 2-propanol, and cumene (qv) (see Olefin POLYMERS,polypropylene Propyl ALCOHOLS). Propylene is produced primarily as a by-product of petroleum (qv) refining and of ethylene (qv) production by steam pyrolysis. 

Propylene has many commercial and potential uses. The actual utilisation of a particular propylene supply depends not only on the relative economics of the petrochemicals and the value of propylene in various uses, but also on the location of the supply and the form in which the propylene is available. Eor example, economics dictate that recovery of high purity propylene for polymerisation from a smaH-volume, dilute off-gas stream is not feasible, whereas polymer-grade propylene is routinely recovered from large refineries and olefins steam crackers. A synthetic fuels project located in the western United States might use propylene as fuel rather than recover it for petrochemical use a plant on the Gulf Coast would recover it (see Euels, synthetic). 

The largest use of NMP is in extraction of aromatics from lube oils. In this appHcation, it has been replacing phenol and, to some extent, furfural. Other petrochemical uses involve separation and recovery of aromatics from mixed feedstocks recovery and purification of acetylenes, olefins, and diolefins removal of sulfur compounds from natural and refinery gases and dehydration of natural gas. 

Butylenes are C Hg mono-olefin isomers 1-butene, <7j -2-butene, trans-2-huX.en.e and isobutylene (2-methylpropene). These isomers are usually coproduced as a mixture and are commonly referred to as the fraction. These fractions are usually obtained as by-products from petroleum refinery and petrochemical complexes that crack petroleum fractions and natural gas Hquids. Since the fractions almost always contain butanes, it is also known as the B—B stream. The linear isomers are referred to as butenes. 

Ethylene [74-85-1] (ethene), is the largest volume hull ding block for many petrochemicals. This olefin is used to produce many end products... 

C. P. Bowen, "Olefin Expansion Strategies," paper presented at Symposium on Mdpanced Petrochemical Technologies and High Tech Products, Nijiag, Chiaa, 1991. 

Separation of olefins produced by cracking operations and subsequent conversion. This is the major route to aliphatic petrochemicals. 

The principal use of the alkylation process is the production of high octane aviation and motor gasoline blending stocks by the chemical addition of C2, C3, C4, or C5 olefins or mixtures of these olefins to an iso-paraffin, usually isobutane. Alkylation of benzene with olefins to produce styrene, cumene, and detergent alkylate are petrochemical processes. The alkylation reaction can be promoted by concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, aluminum chloride, or boron fluoride at low temperatures. Thermal alkylation is possible at high temperatures and very high pressures. 

Natural gas and crude oils are the main sources for hydrocarbon intermediates or secondary raw materials for the production of petrochemicals. From natural gas, ethane and LPG are recovered for use as intermediates in the production of olefins and diolefms. Important chemicals such as methanol and ammonia are also based on methane via synthesis gas. On the other hand, refinery gases from different crude oil processing schemes are important sources for olefins and LPG. Crude oil distillates and residues are precursors for olefins and aromatics via cracking and reforming processes. This chapter reviews the properties of the different hydrocarbon intermediates—paraffins, olefins, diolefms, and aromatics. Petroleum fractions and residues as mixtures of different hydrocarbon classes and hydrocarbon derivatives are discussed separately at the end of the chapter. 

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