Pesticides, in house dust

Roberts JW, Camann DE. 1989. Pilot study of a cotton glove press test for assessing exposure to pesticides in house dust. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 43 717-724. 

Pesticides may further be transported from the workplace to the home on clothes, shoes, hair and skin [28,29]. Household dust concentrations of azino-phosmethyl, chlorpyrifos, parathion and phosmet were significantly lower in reference homes when compared with farmer/farmworker homes [30]. Organophosphate pesticides in house dust were elevated in homes of agrarian families (household members engaged in agricultural production) when compared with nonagricultural reference homes in the Seattle (USA) metropolitan area. Dialkyl phosphate metabolites measured in children s urine were also elevated for the agrarian children [31]. 

Mostly pesticides in house dust are analyzed from floor dust taken with vacuum cleaners (or other suction devices). Even though there are standard protocols for sampling house dust [84, 90, 91] a great variety in sampling techniques has to be noted. These were reviewed by Butte and Heinzow [85] andMacher [92]. 

Detection Emits for many pesticides in house dust form vacuiun bags have been reported to be about 0.1 mg kg [35,96]. 

Roberts, J.W., Budd, W.T., Ruby, M.G., Stamper, V.R., Camann, D.E., Fortmann, R.C., Sheldon, L.S. and Lewis, R.G. (1991) A small high volume surface sampler (HVS3) for pesticides, and other toxic substances in house dust. Proceedings of the 84th Annual Meeting of the Air Waste Management Association, pp. 2-14. 

Becker, K., Seiwert, M., Kaus, S., Krause, C., Schulz, C. and Seifert, B. (2002) German environmental survey 1998 (GerES III) pesticides and other pollutants in house dust. Proceedings of Indoor Air 2002(4), pp. 883-7. 

Lewis, R.G., Fortune, C.R., Willis, R.D., Camann, D.E. and Andey, J.T. (1999) Distribution of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in house dust as a function of particle size. Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 721-6. 

Tan, J., Cheng, S. M., Loganath, A., Chong, Y. S., Obbard, J. P. (2007b) Selected organochlorine pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in house dust in Singapore. Chemosphere, 68 1675-1682. 

The majority of pyrethroid insecticides have low volatilities. The heavily used synthetic pyrethroid permethrin is classified as nonvolatile on the basis of its vapor pressure (1.3 x 10 kPa at 20 °C) and is rarely found in indoor air. However, it has recently been reported to be the major pesticide residue found in house dust (USEPA, 2000d). Cyper-methrin [( )-a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-( )-cA,frani -3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] and cyfluthrin [cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxy-phenyl)methyl 3-(2,2-dichloro-ethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] are two other low-volatility pyrethroids commonly used for indoor flea and cockroach control. 

Pesticides are either semivolatile or nonvolatile . For example, the boiling points of DDT (260 °C), lindane (around 320 °C) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) (around 310 °C) [8] classify these pesticides as semivolatile. SVOCs partition between air and house dust, whereas POM are exclusively found in house dust. Methods to analyze pesticides in indoor air (semivolatile pesticides) and in house dust (semivolatile and particle-bound pesticides as well as particulate pesticides), sources for their occurrence indoors, concentrations found in indoor environments as well as impacts are reviewed in this chapter. 

House dust is a sink and reservoir for sernivolatile and particle-bound pesticides. Thus, it is a measure for the average contamination of an indoor environment. Pesticides found in house dust are those that are (1) stable in the indoor environment and (2) regularly applied in formulations to fight pests indoors. In contrast to an outdoor environment, where modern pesticides are degraded rather quickly by microorganisms, hydrolysis and UV hght, pesticides used indoors tend to be persistent [85]. Thus, they are a reservoir for chronic exposure. 

As already mentioned a high variability in pesticide residues in house dust... 

Pesticide concentration in house dust samples obtained because of certain... 

Butte [111] results of pesticide analyses in house dust were also given by Lioy... 

The input of pesticides in an indoor environment may result from either a direct appUcation (fighting, e.g., insects hke flies, mosquitoes, and fleas) or pesticides used in the preservation of wood and timber, pesticides of textile finishing, and finishing of leather, carpets, fabric, etc., pesticides (mainly fimgicides) in varnishes, colors, adhesives, or pesticides brought in by foot traffic, through pets, etc. from outdoors. Pesticides then spread in indoor air and in house dust... 

A significant correlation between PCP concentrations in passively deposited particulate matter and in urine was further reported by Meissner and Schweinsberg [137]. On the other hand, no correlation was observed for PCP in household dust and blood by Liebl et al. [119], or for PCP in dust and urine by Rehwagen et al. [94]. Further, no association between concentrations in house dust or inhalable suspended particles in indoor air and of metabolites in urine was found for permethrin, a nonvolatile (particle-bound) pesticide [33,138]. 

Contradictory results for associations between pesticide levels indoors (air, dust) and results form human biomonitoring may be due to different volatilities of the pesticides and may be determined by the magnitude in contamination levels. For semivolatile pesticides it may be easier to detect an association, as indoor air and house dust may serve for exposure in contrast to particle-bound pesticides with house dust as the only exposure path. Furthermore high contamination levels make it easier to detect an association, as with low indoor contamination levels associations may be hidden by the ubiquitous presence of pesticides in indoor environments and by nonindoor exposure pathways like dietary intake. 

The quantity of suspended dust inhaled and the intake of pesticides adsorbed to it may be calculated rather exactly, and the intake of pesticides from deposited dust via oral pathways may at least be roughly estimated. But data supporting the amount of chemicals absorbed through dermal contact of contaminated house dust and through direct contact to contaminated surfaces are still lacking. Semivolatile pesticides like chlorpyrifos will accumulate not only in house dust but also on toys and on sorband surfaces [134]. Data from the NHEXAS of Arizona support the importance of dermal penetration of semivolatile pesticides like chlorpyrifos and diazinon as a route of residential human exposure [116]. 

CiZDZiEL JVand Hodge VF (2000) Attics as archives for house infiltrating pollutants trace elements and pesticides in attic dust and soil from southern Nevada and Utah. Microchem J 64 85 —92. 

Method performance in air analysis involves terms such as accuracy, storage stability, capacity, sampling rate, recovery, and sensitivity. To evaluate the performance of a developed method, certified reference materials for particulate matter, such as urban dust SRM 1649a particulate matter from NIST (Gaithersburg, MD, USA) can be purchased. In addition, a standard reference material has been recently developed for the determination of organic compounds in house dust the SRM 2585 is intended for using in method validation for the analysis of PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, and PBDEs (Poster et al. 2007). 

Berger-Preiss et al. (2002) measured indoor pyrethroid exposure in 80 homes with woollen textile floor coverings. While permethrin concentrations in house dust were high (mean 53.7 pg g ), the permethrin concentrations in suspended particles were very low (mean 2.8 ng m ). Roinestad et al. (1993) identified 30 pesticides in household dust ranging from 80 (diazinon) to 15000 (chlorpyrifos) ng g . Permethrin levels decreased from 2550-3850 (just after application) to 550-675 ng g 8 weeks after pesticide application. However, dichlorvos and... 

Pesticide use around the home provides a significant potential for human exposure in house dust and indoor air. The California Department of Food and Agriculture reported that a sizable number of persons in California required medical attention or contacted a poison control center after use of pesticides such as flea bombs and lawn sprays (Knaak et al. 1987). 

Indoor 12 VOCs and 23 pesticides (Wallace 1991) Cases from carcinogens in house dust not estimated... 

Those studies conducted to date establish a basis for control of lead, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, and allergens in indoor air and house dust. Track-in and accumulation of pollutants in rugs is an important source of exposure for children lead in dust is the major source of lead for most toddlers. The established benefits from reduced exposure to lead and allergens justify public education to reduce dust from track-in and inside sources as well as pollutants in indoor air. Action to control lead and allergens will reduce exposure to other pollutants in house dust and indoor air. It is possible that a nonregulatory education and outreach program with emphasis on public participation and pollution prevention will be more effective in the home than use of regulations and other traditional methods of pollution control. 

Estimate risks for lead, pesticides, PAHs, VOCs, and PCBs in house dust and indoor air using available data. These risk assessments should include synergistic interactions between pollutants that may increase total risk. 

In addition to exposure to chemicals from products that are used in the home, children are also exposed to house dust, ingestion of which has been identified as an important source of toxic exposure to pesticides for infants and toddlers who spend considerable amounts of time playing on floors [13]. Toxic chemicals found in house dusts often include compounds which have been long banned from home use, but which remain adhered to dust particles for long periods of time. 

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