Pesticide solubilization

Chem. Descrip. PEG 400 USP CAS 25322-68-3 EINECS/ELINCS 225-856-4 Uses Emulsifier, antistat for textiles rubber inks cosmetics paper film pesticide solubilizer/carrier intermediate for PEG esters, PU foams plasticizer, solvent for cork metalworking lubricants paints/resins pharmaceutical liq. preps., ointment bases, suppository bases binder for capsules/pills preservative for pathological specimens Properties APHA 25 color sol. in water and most polar org. soivs. m.w. 380-420 sp.gr. 1.130 vise. 7.3 cst (99 C) pour pt. 6 C flash pt. (OC) > 215 C ref. index 1.465 pH 4.5-7.5 surf. tens. 44.6 dynes/cm nonionic 99% act. 

Uses Emulsifier for dry cleaning charge soaps, solv. degreasers, emulsion cleaners, dry cleaning soaps, oil and spill cleanup, emulsifiable pesticides solubilizer in fuel oil to prevent corrosion emulsifer for emulsion polymerization, paints/coat-ings... 

Uses Emulsifier pesticides solubilizer of vitamins, fragrances... 

Uses Wetting agent, detergent for textiles, wool washing, alkaline metal cleaners, dry cleaning emulsifier for chlorinated soivs. and pesticides solubilizer for personal care applies. 

Microemulsion system applications span many areas including enhanced oil recovery, soil and aquifer decontamination and remediation, foods, pharmaceuticals (drug delivery systems), cosmetics, and pesticides [2,5,33,37,232,233]. Some of these are listed in Table 3.6. The widespread interest in microemulsions and use in these different industrial applications are based mainly on their high solubilization capac-... 

Is a lipophilic liquid emulsifier and solubilizer for mineral oils, fats, and solvents. A prime application for EMEREST 2648 is the emulsification of kerosene in agricultural and pesticide sprays. EMEREST 2648 is also used in the emulsification of latex paints, metalworking fluids, solvents, and specialty and industrial lubricants. 

The presence of humic and fulvic acids in surface waters and groundwaters will have a significant influence on the transport and fate of metals, radionuclides, and organic contaminants in the environment. These natural organic acids can either transport or immobilize contaminants, depending on the environmental conditions. Humic and fulvic substances can also retard or enhance the photochemical decomposition of pesticides or toxic organics. Therefore, to be sucessfiil any remediation strategies must consider the effects of humic materials. If properly understood, this behavior can be used to manipulate pollutant solubilization and facilitate containment or cleanup of contaminated sites. 

Urethane may be released to the environment in various waste streams from its production and use in the preparation and modification of amino resins, as a solubilizer and cosolvent for pesticides and fumigants, as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, as an antineoplastic agent, and as a reagent in biochemical research. If released to the atmosphere, urethane is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase urethane will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of 2.2 days. If released to soil, urethane is expected to have very high mobility. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to occur. Biodegradation of urethane in soil may be important. If released into water, urethane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected. The potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is... 

Surfactant aggregates (microemulsions, micelles, monolayers, vesicles, and liquid crystals) are recently the subject of extensive basic and applied research, because of their inherently interesting chemistry, as well as their diverse technical applications in such fields as petroleum, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and detergents. Some of the important systems which these aggregates may model are enzyme catalysis, membrane transport, and drug delivery. More practical uses for them are enhanced tertiary oil recovery, emulsion polymerization, and solubilization and detoxification of pesticides and other toxic organic chemicals. 

It has been shown that the organophosphate ester tributylphosphate is very effectively solubilized by a microemulsion system incorporating CTAB and sulfolane as the emulsifier. The single-phase region in this system is similar to that obtained with CTAB and butanol as the emulsifier reported by Mackay (6). Thus it is expected that sulfone-containing microemulsions will solubilize other organophosphates and phosphonates such as pesticides and nerve agents. 

In 1989, the estimated distribution of carbon disulfide utilization was as follows 34% of production went to manufacture viscose rayon, 6% to produce cellophane, 38% to produce carbon tetrachloride, 7% to produce rubber chemicals, and 15% to produce pesticides and to solubilize waxes and oils (HSDB 1995). Future use patterns remain uncertain, although it is expected that less may be used to produce viscose rayon, cellulose, and carbon tetrachloride, products for which the demand has declined and for which alternate production processes may be found (HSDB 1995 Mannsville Chemical Products Corp. 1985 Timmerman 1978). Unless substitutes for carbon disulfide are found, its use levels may depend largely on relative import and export levels of textiles and apparel (Mannsville Chemical Products Corp. 1985). Carbon disulfide use for many other specialty industrial purposes is expected to continue (HSDB 1995 Timmerman 1978). 

Alkamuls . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Ethoxylated, sorbitan, or glycol esters w/o emulsifier, dispersant, defoamer, coemulsifier, coupling agent, solubilizer, thickener, lubricant, opacifier, pearlescent, wetting agent, antistat in metalwsking and textile oils, pesticides, cosmetics as paper softener. 

Emulson. [Auschem SpA] Ethoxyiated alkylphenoi or oils, sulfonates, or blends emulsifier, dispersant, wetting agent, solubilizer for pesticides, microemulsions. 

Ethylan . [HarcrosUK] Alkanolamides or ethoxylated ethers, esters, or amines detergent, wetting agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, solubilizer, antifoam, dispersant, andstat, foam booster/stabi-lizer, lubricant for industrial cleaners, plastics, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles. 

Eumulgin . [Henkel/Emery/Cospha Henkel KGaA Fulcra SA] Ethoxy-lated ethers, esters, or amides detergent, wetting agent, dispersant, emulsifier, solubilizer for paints, dishwashing, pesticides, cosmetKS, flow polishes, perfumes. 

Gafac . [Rhone-Poulenc Surf.] Phosphate esters emulsifier for pesticides industrial and household detergent emulsifier and stabilizer for emulsion polymerization solubilizer, hydro-trope textile antistat, lubricant, softener, dispersant, wetting agent cosmetics ingredient. 

Secoster . [Stepan Eurqpe] Esters lubricant, antistat, emulsifier, dispersant, solubilizer, emollient, pesriescent for cosmetics, cutting mis, pesticides. 

Dissociation constant (A)J. The degree of ionization of pesticides affects such processes as photolysis, solubilization, evaporation from water, soil sorption, etc. 

Dowfax. [Dow Dow Europe] Sulfonate salts tergent emulsifier, wetting agent solubilizer for electroplating, dyeing, pesticides, emulsion polymerization. 

Vehicles that are capable uf solubilizing the pesticide, but that also favor pesticide partitioning into the stratum comeum, will promote absorption. The effect seen is thus dependent on both the inherent solubility properties of the pesticide relative to the vehicle and the relative solubility of the pesticide in the vehicle vcr.sus the stratum comeum. This makes easy generalizations very difficult. 

---