Theoretical Objections

While the methodology for CSIC is still in its infancy, and its efficacy has yet to be demonstrated, there are also theoretical objections to the concept that have been or could be raised. The following section attempts to provide answers to these objections. In all of these objections the assumption is made that CSI, or active information, cannot be created by algorithmic sources. Additionally, it is also assumed that active information is a subcategory of CSI. 

1 Objection Human intelligence is an algorithm with already high amounts of CSI 

Such an objection is valid. The CSIC experiment cannot categorically rule out the possibility that human intelligence is a kind of algorithm. However, CSIC can provide an inference to the best explanation between two competing hypotheses. The first hypothesis asserts that the proximate cause, human intelligence, created the information, while the second hypothesis states that a more remote intelligent agent created the information. 

To determine which hypothesis is better supported by a positive result in the CSIC experiment, the principle of minimal CSI creation is proposed. The principle is analogous to Ockham s Razor. This principle states in the case where the creation of CSI is presupposed, the explanation relying on the least amount of CSI creation is preferred. 

The first hypothesis relies on less CSI creation since the human only creates CSI for a particular problem instance. Hypothesis two requires the creation of enormous amounts of CSI covering all possible problem instances the human might encounter. 

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Draw a plot in polar coordinates of the scattering envelope in the xy plane. How would the envelope of a Rayleigh scatterer compare with this plot By interpolation, evaluate 145, iiss, and z. Use Fig. 10.13 to estimate the value of rrms to which this dissymmetry ratio corresponds if X (in toluene) is 364 nm. What are some practical and theoretical objections to this procedure for estimating rrms ... 

First was the blackbody problem. A blackbody is a theoretical object that emits and absorbs radiation. When heated, the intensity... 

Theoretical objections to the use of retention index differences for stationary phase characterization are based on the... 

There are further theoretical objections to this RNA-world hypothesis, especially since we know of no organisms based on RNA without DNA and proteins. Moreover, RNA is not able to act as a catalyst for many essential simple molecule reactions, e.g. of CO, H2, N2, nor for most oxidation/reduction changes, and RNA... 

Strictly, a black body is defined as something that absorbs photons of all energies, and does not reflect light. Furthermore, a black body is also a perfect emitter of light. A black body is a theoretical object since, in practice, nothing behaves as a perfect black body. The best approximations are hot objects such as red- or white-hot metals. 

Implicitly, this book has been concerned with biological cells as we know them on Earth, namely entities constituted by DNA, RNA, and proteins. However the simplest possible cell that on paper responds to the three criteria given in Figure 11.2 is an RNA cell. This theoretical object was described a few years ago (Szostak et al., 2001) and in fact represents, among other things, a nice example of the coming together of the RNA world and the compartment world. 

Another approach to resolving this theoretical objection to Young s equation is to eliminate the difference (ysv — ySL) from the equation entirely, replacing it by some equivalent quantity, thereby shifting attention away from the notion of solid surface tension. An example of this is the use of the heat of immersion to test Young s equation. We return to this in Section 6.6c. 

The reflecting stereoscope is not open to any single practical or theoretical objection. As an optical instrument it is absolutely perfect, being subject to no defects of distortion or aberration. For any scientific purpose, therefore, the reflecting stereoscope should always he preferred to the Other. The reflectors may be made of polished speculum metal if objection be raised to glass mirrors, and the pictures may he taken simultaneously in a camera with double lenses two and a half inches from centre to centre. 

In addition to the above experimental point, one can raise a theoretical objection against the way in which Volkenstein et al. introduce the effect which the structure in a network has on its elastic behaviour. In their theory the Gaussian chain statistics are left unchanged in spite of the fact that the chain molecules run through bundles. Such a decoupling of chain statistics and bundles is unwarranted. In Fig. 29 c a schematic representation of the approach of Volkenstein et al. to a structured network is given. Only a two chain network is drawn, although it should, of course, be remembered that in reality a bundle structure will comprise parts of many molecules. 

Issue is taken here, not with the mathematical treatment of the Debye-Hiickel model but rather with the underlying assumptions on which it is based. Friedman (58) has been concerned with extending the primitive model of electrolytes, and recently Wu and Friedman (159) have shown that not only are there theoretical objections to the Debye-Hiickel theory, but present experimental evidence also points to shortcomings in the theory. Thus, Wu and Friedman emphasize that since the dielectric constant and relative temperature coefficient of the dielectric constant differ by only 0.4 and 0.8% respectively for D O and H20, the thermodynamic results based on the Debye-Hiickel theory should be similar for salt solutions in these two solvents. Experimentally, the excess entropies in D >0 are far greater than in ordinary water and indeed are approximately linearly proportional to the aquamolality of the salts. In this connection, see also Ref. 129. 

Interesting though the Heilbronner modes may be as graph theoretical objects, their chemical interest lies in their utility or otherwise in predicting distortion of a 7r framework. A formal theory of the distortive tendencies of tt systems was proposed in an early paper by Binsch et al. [12] and gives a point of reference for the simpler model. 

For purposes of quantitation the application zone is usually a straight-line. For qualitative work, a spot would also be satisfactory, but for direct photometry it gives rise to theoretical objections. 

There is substantial theoretical objections to the BET model. Nevertheless, experimental data often conform to Equation (2.11) admirably (Figure 2.2), and the BET model is used extensively to determine areas of microscopically complicated surfaces. 

This proposal of a ground state destabilization mechanism for ODCase (this type of mechanism was referred to earlier by Fersht as electrostatic stress 81 and by Jencks as the Circe effect ) sparked considerable controversy. In some circles it was seen as a prime example of the catalytic power of ground state destabilization,83 but several groups immediately questioned its validity on the basis of theoretical objections and apparent inconsistencies with biochemical experiments.23 26... 

The SifAr2 Mechanism in Azines The theoretical objections to the synchronous, one-stage bimole-cular mechanism of aromatic nucleophilic substitution are reviewed in Section I,C,4. The two-stage mechanism is illustrated by the... 

In both nuclear and atomic physics there are compUcations with the notion of levels . Beyond a certain excitation energy the energy levels acquire an appreciable width, i.e. the levels no longer correspond to bounded states. In atomic physics there is an additional complication with the existence of Coulomb accumulation points in the spectrum. Therefore, one has to be careful when comparing the spacings of experimental levels with the theoretical predictions. But if only bounded states or sharp resonances away from accumulation points are included in the level spacing statistics, there should be no theoretical objections. 

Due to the novelty and implications of our results, it is not surprising that various (experimental as well as theoretical) objections have been raised, e.g., Blostein et al. [Blostein 2001 Blostein 2003 (b)] recently criticized the widely... 

A possible theoretical objection to this method is the fact that the monoclonal antibody is of a single class. However, there are a number of epitopes common to all mouse IgG. 

Although the solution (5 74) seems to be complete, the key fact is that the pressure gradient V.s//0) in the thin gap, and thus p(0 xs, 0, is unknown. In this sense, the solution (5-74) is fundamentally different from the unidirectional flows considered in Chap. 3, where p varied linearly with position along the flow direction and was thus known completely ifp was specified at the ends of the flow domain. The problem considered here is an example of the class of thin-film problems known as lubrication theory in which either h(xs) and us, or h(xs, 0) and uz are prescribed on the boundaries, and it is the pressure distribution in the thin-fluid layer that is the primary theoretical objective. The fact that the pressure remains unknown is, of course, not surprising as we have not yet made any use of the continuity equation (5-69) or of the boundary conditions at z = 0 and h for the normal velocity component ui° ... 

One of the earliest theoretical objections to the calculation of the water permeability coefficients of biological membranes was advanced by Dainty [22] in his excellent review on water relations in plant cells. He argues—and correctly so—that all the equations used in calculating permeability coefficients are based on the implicit assumption that the aqueous solutions on both sides of the membrane are so well stirred that the concentrations at the membrane faces are the same as the bulk concentrations. It is well recognized that such a situation is impossible to achieve... 

A scientific model is a set of ideas that describes a natural process and are developed by empirical or theoretical objects and help scientists to focus on the basic fundamental processes. They may be physical representations such as a space-filling model of a molecule or a map, or they may be mathematical algorithms. 

Situation Theory presented in this article is a mathematical structure consisting of primitive and complex objects defined recursively. It includes primitive and complex types that classify the system of all objects. The domain of situation-theoretical objects can be a proper class, instead of a set, depending on the needs... 

A set-theoretic modelling of Situation Theory as an axiomatic system, which insures identification of the situation-theoretic objects as set constructions is presented in [26]. The situation-theoretic objects introduced in our paper allow variants of such axiomatic systems for modelling partial, underspecified, and parametric information, by adding restricted parameters introduced here. Of particular interest are applications to logic programming and in areas that require relational structures with partially defined and parametric objects. 

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