Continuity fluctuations

It was mentioned in Sec. 24 that in water at room temperature the average number of nearest neighbors for any HjO molecule is about 4.5, indicating that the number continually fluctuates between 4 and 5, or between 4 and 6. Whenever the number of neighbors of a particular molecule falls from 5 to 4, presumably any one of the five neighbors may... 

Darrieus and Landau established that a planar laminar premixed flame is intrinsically unstable, and many studies have been devoted to this phenomenon, theoretically, numerically, and experimentally. The question is then whether a turbulent flame is the final state, saturated but continuously fluctuating, of an unstable laminar flame, similar to a turbulent inert flow, which is the product of loss of stability of a laminar flow. Indeed, should it exist, this kind of flame does constitute a clearly and simply well-posed problem, eventually free from any boundary conditions when the flame has been initiated in one point far from the walls. 

Obtaining information on prices is difficult and costs are continually fluctuating. The figures in the following tables and graphs are only orders of magnitude used simply to give some idea of the costs. They cannot be retained for final choices of solutions or estimated calculations of cost price. 

A liquid that is totally homogeneous on a macroscopic scale undergoes continuous fluctuations at the molecular level. As a result of these fluctuations, the density of molecules at any location in the liquid varies with time and at any time varies with location in such a way that the mean density of the sample as a whole has its bulk value. This pattern of flickering molecular densities will produce continually varying pressures on the surface of any particle... 

When we assemble the three dimensions. A, I, and M, as the bounds of a cubic space (figure 2.6), we can represent and visualize the continuous fluctuations of normal brain-mind state as a dancing dot whose each successive position is determined by the current value of the three measures... 

As a result of Brownian motion, continual fluctuations of concentration take place on a molecular or small-particle scale. For this reason, the second law of thermodynamics is only valid on the macroscopic scale. 

The spectrophotometer should have a thermostat in situ during the experiment and be positioned away from the sun otherwise, the temperature of the spectrophotometer s inner electronics would increase, possibly introducing important errors in the optical density (OD) measurements. In addition, exposing the spectrophotometer to sunlight can induce continuous fluctuations in the OD, thus making any serious measurements impossible. 

Electron transfer (ET) reaction in a polar solvent has been one of the central issues in physical chemistry and biophysics. In the presence of an immersed solute, a polar solvent around the solute continuously fluctuates due to the translational and orientational motion of its constituent molecules. The concept of a free energy profile governing these fluctuations as a function of solvent coordinates plays a central role in the theory of ET. Recently, we developed a molecular theory for obtaining the free energy profiles of ET reactions based on ex-RISM, and obtained quantitatively good results in terms of agreement with the simulation data. 

In considering the overall conformations of carbohydrate chains it is useful to start by distinguishing between (1) ordered conformations, in which the values of the torsion angles are fixed by cooperative interactions between residues and (2) disordered conformations, in which continuous fluctuation occurs. 

The escape can happen either via one or a few binding/unbinding events or via the more continuous fluctuating growth and death of the populations of molecules in atmosphere. In Fig. 28.5,1 show a variety of scenarios by which a... 

The dwindling energy sources and increased dependence on foreign imports has prompted research to develop alternate sources to increase the availability of natural gas. The ratio of gas reserves to production has been continually fluctuating since World War II and in 1995 this was estimated to be 31. This means that the present gas reserves without the addition of any new sources would be exhausted in 31 years. Thus it is important to find ways to add to the natural gas resources we already have. 

It is important to mention that effect of temperature is less important on absorption than on fluorescence spectra. However, it is better to keep the spectrophotometer thermostated along the experiment. Also, one should avoid placing the spectrophotometers in front of the sun. The sun will heat the electronics of the spectrophotometer inducing important errors in the optical density measurements. Also, exposing the spectrophotometer to the sunlight can induce continuous fluctuations in the optical density making impossible any serious measurement. 

Feed forward control loops can often be used to dampen fluctuations in a column train, particularly if the disturbances occur stepwise rather than as a continuous fluctuation. 

An agitator shaft is loaded by torque, supplied by the motor, which is a relatively steady force, with no more than 5-10% variation during normal operation, and bending caused by uneven loading of agitator blades, which is random and continuously fluctuating. 

Dynamic stray currents are more easily detected than static ones. Dynamic stray currents are present if the structure-to-soil potential is continually fluctuating, while the reference electrode is kept in a stationary position in contact with the soil. These potential changes result from current changes at the source of the interference. 

Conditions where the pipe is under cyclic loads may result in increased crack growth rates. Operating pressures for a large-diameter pipe can measure up to 8700 kPa (1250 psi). The pipeline pressure continually fluctuates due to loadiug aud unloading of product and is influenced by pump activity. This applies to both gas and liquid hues but has greater influence in liquid systems [6]. 

Water permeability test. Depending on the sea water level, the mortar used for corrosion protection can become wet or completely dry. Continuous fluctuations in moisture content increase the intrusion of damaging substances, which might attack the mortar as well as the steel tower. 

Technological advances to provide cheap, reliable power focus on power electronics, materials, structure design and manufacturing, and transmission with a continuously fluctuating input power. Sandia National Laboratories engineer Paul Veers summarizes the challenges this way, The airfoils must work in a dynamic stall environment. The structure must withstand billions of stress cycles with low cost materials.. .. A control system should smooth all power fluctuations.. .. It must be accomplished in an environmentally non-intrusive way (Veers, 1996). 

Standard condition n. Standard condition is that reached by a specimen when it is in moisture equilibrium with a standard atmosphere. Standard condition is seldom realized in practice since laboratory atmospheres are continually fluctuating between narrow limits, and it is not practical to wait for the attainment of moisture equilibrium, which would require several days or more for tightly wound samples of high regain material. Practically, specimens are brought to moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for testing as defined in these definitions. The term standard condition should not be used as a Syn the concept of standard atmosphere . 

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