Peruvian

The liabitat of Erythroxylon spp. is principally the western side of Soutl America, and although indigenous species occur in India, Africa anc Australia, they have no economic value. Two kinds of coca leaves ar< available in commerce, Bolivian or Huanuco leaves derived from E. coce Lam. and Peruvian or Truxillo leaves obtained from E. truxillense Rusby both are cultivated in Java. In South America coca leaves are chewee with lime by the Indians as a stimulant, and are exported to Europe foi use in medicine and for the preparation of cocaine, but the prineipal sourc< of coca leaves is Java. Crude cocaine is manufactured in South Americi and exported for refining and some aspects of this industry have beei discussed recently. ... 

Truxillines, CggH4jOgN2. In 1887 Hesse isolated from Peruvian coca leaves an amorphous alkaloid which he named cocamine a year later Liebermann examined this material, and by fractioimtion of its solutions by addition of petroleum proved it to be a mixture of at least two isomeric bases, which he named a- and jS-truxillines. The pure alkaloids have not been obtained from coca leaves owing to the difficulty of separating them, but each has been prepared synthetically. ... 

Tropacocaine (Benzoyl-ili-tropeine), CuHj gOgN, was discovered by Giesel in Java coca leaves and has since been found in Peruvian coca. Its preparation from the former source has been described by Hara and Sakamoto, It crystallises in needles, m.p. 49°, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether or dilute ammonia and is generally prepared by benzoylating /t-tropine, and purified as the hydrochloride. Its alcoholic solution is alkaline and optically inactive. The hydrochloride forms needles, m.p. 271° (dec.), and the hydrobromide leaflets. The aurichloride separates in minute yellow needles, m.p. 208°, from hot aqueous solutions the picrate has m.p. 238-9°. When heated with hydrochloric acid or baryta water the alkaloid is hydrolysed to benzoic acid and -tropine. ... 

According to Folkers and Unna, the Peruvian ehazuta curare (bamboo type) is made from C. tomentosum R. and P., Annona ambotay Aubl., Aristolochia rumicifolia Mart, and Zucc. and an unidentified plant which is neither a menisperm nor a Stryehnos. Of these four the first was... 

Isotoma longiflora. This Peruvian plant contains an alkaloid, m.p. 190°, forming a hydrochloride, m.p. 160°. Pharmacological results are recorded and it is suggested that the alkaloid resembles lobeline of which it may be a derivative (Sanchez, Rev. Med. expU, (Peru), 1945, 4, 284 Chem. Abstr., 1948, 42, 1350). 

Chin-, quin- (as in Chinin, Chinidin, etc.). China, /. cinchona, Peruvian bark, -alkaloidj ... 

China-ol, n. baleam of Peru, rindet/. cinchona bark, Peruvian bark. rindensauret /. quinic acid, -rot, n. cinchona red. 

Persulfo-cyansaure, /. perthiocyanic acid, per-sulfocyanic acid, -molybditnsaure, /. per-thiomolybdic acid, tbiopermolybdic acid, -zyansaure, /. perthiocyanic acid. Perthiokoblensaure, /. perthiocarbonic acid, penianisch, a. Peru, Peruvian. 

Peru-gummi, n. Peruvian gum. -rinde, /. Peruvian bark, -salpeter, m. Peruvian saltpeter (NaNOa). -silber, n. a kind of nickel silver, peruvianisch, a. Peruvian, of Peru. Perverbindimg,/. per compound, specif, peroxy compound. 

This, then, was the scene in which SCP projects were planned in Europe. The need for alternative foods and feedstuffs was clear and, in the UK and elsewhere, oil and gas seemed a plentiful and cheap resource from which to produce them. North Sea gas fields were being exploited and research had shown that natural gas or its derivatives could be used to produce SCP feed of superior protein content to conventional feedstuffs. The economics of such processes seemed very promising. In 1971 the European prices for fish meal and soya meal were 200 and 100 per ton respectively. In 1973 oil price rises and a failure in the Peruvian fish meal supply pushed these prices up to 550 and 300 respectively. With such prices for the major feedstuffs it was considered that SCP feeds could be produced competitively. 

The similarity between the profiles of the North American and Argentinean species suggests the possibility of a closer relationship between them than between any other pair of taxa in the genus, including between the Argentinean and Peruvian... 

Jonathon E. Erickson, Hiroshi Shirahata, and C. C. Patterson. Skeletal Concentrations of Lead in Ancient Peruvians. The New England Journal of Medicine. 30 (Apr. 26, 1979) 946-951. 

Reinhard, J. (1996), Peruvian ice maiden, Natl. Geogr. (June). 

Evidence in favor of such a hypothesis is given by Jurgensen et al. who have first reported the fact that an alkaloid fraction from Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC, a vine used by Peruvian Indians to treat several diseases, given by the intraperitonneal route, dose-dependently suppressed the behavioral response to the chemical stimuli in the models indicated and increased latencies in the thermal stimuli models (33). 

J. Wouters andN. Rosario Chirinos, Dye analysis ofpre Columbian Peruvian textiles with high performance liquid chromatography and diode array detection, J. Am. Inst. Conserv., 31, 237 255 (1992). 

Checkley W, Gilman RH, Epstein LD, Suarez M, Diaz JF, Cabrera L, Black RE, Sterling CR Asymptomatic and symptomatic cryptosporidiosis Their acute effect on weight gain in Peruvian children. Am J Epidemiol 1997 145 156— 163. 

Checkley W, Epstein LD, Gilman RH, Black RE, Cabrera L, Sterling CR Effects of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in Peruvian children Growth faltering and subsequent catchup growth. Am J Epidemiol 1998,148 497-506. 

Kaplan L, Lynch TF, Smith CE (1973) Early cultivated beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) from an inter-montane Peruvian valley. Science 179 76-77... 

The Peruvian coca leaves, because of their richness, are commonly used in the extraction process as described in 1 or 2. When the dried coca leaves have a low cocaine content, the ecgonine process is preferred. Normally, it takes approximately 100 pounds of dried leaves to produce one pound of cocaine. 

From recent work, we do know that chemical signals from the seeds direct the ants selections. Although the story is still incomplete, an extraordinary finding has been that a chemical compound called MMS (methyl 6-methylsalicylate) is present in the seeds the ants choose. MMS is found in the seeds of the ten or twelve unconnected species from seven plant families that flourish in Peruvian ant gardens. The ants seem to find this compound irresistible. Offered inert particles coated with MMS, they become excited, pick up these decoy seeds, and occasionally carry them about. 

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