Direct seeding

Brye KR, Rogers CW, Smartt AD, Norman RJ. Soil texture effects on methane emissions from direct-seeded, delayed-flood rice production in Arkansas. Soil Sci. 2013 178 519-529. 

Simmonds MB, Anders M, Adviento-Borbe MA, van Kessel C, McClung A, Linquist BA. Seasonal methane and nitrous oxide emissions of several rice cultivars in direct-seeded systems. J. Environ. Qual. 2015 44 103-114. 

Saprophytic, dark pigmented fungi such as Alternaria spp. can infect a wide range of plant species, especially tissues that are exposed to other biotic or abiotic stressors and older and senescing plant tissues. Also, wet weather conditions favour attack by Alternaria spp. Inoculum of Alternaria and potentially production of altemariol is further enhanced when cereal straw and stubble is left on the soil surface and not sufficiently incorporated into the soil after harvest (direct seeding and minimum tillage systems). 

Irrigated. Grown in levelled, bunded fields with good water control. Crop is fiansplanted or direct seeded in puddled soil, and a shallow floodwater is maintained on the soil surface so tiiat the soil is predominantly anoxic during crop growth. 

Rainfed lowland. Grown in level to gently sloping, bunded fields that are flooded for at least part of the cropping season. Water depths exceed 100 cm for no more than 10 consecutive days. Crop is transplanted in puddled soil or direct seeded on puddled or ploughed dry soil. During season soil alternates between oxic and anoxic conditions of variable duration and frequency. 

Flood-prone. Distinguished from rainfed lowland rice by extent and duration of flooding. Fields are flooded to at least 100 cm and often much more for at least 10 consecutive days in tiie growing season. Crop is transplanted in puddled soil or direct seeded on ploughed dry soil soil may alternate between oxic and anoxic conditions during season. 

Upland. Grown in level to steeply sloping fields that are rarely flooded. No effort is made to impound water as for other rice ecosystems. Crop is direct seeded on ploughed dry soil or dibbled in wet, non-puddled soil. 

GraysonBT, Webb JD, Factors offecting the performance and crop phytotoxicity of a new rice herbicide, cinmethylin. 1. Effects of water depth and soil type on the distribution and uptake of anmethylin by transplanted and direct-seeded rice,... 

In Ref 13, a new approach toward the preparation of Au(lll) nanoisland-arrayed electrode based on fine colloidal nanolayer-directed seeding growth has been presented. 

Uses herbicide used pre-planting and incorporated with soil preparation to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in transplanted tobacco, and in direct-seeded tomatoes and capsicums. 

The ideal seeded experiment would be where seed latex particles are prepered in which the MWD of the seed is significantly different from that formed during subsequent seeded polym tzation. The instantaneous MWD formed at early times could then be estimated directly. Seed latexes of different sizes could be used to probe the effect of compartmentalization we Stress again that if the system is transfer-dominated, the MWD of formed polymer should be independent of panicle size). 

Sow seeds indoors 4-6 weeks before transplanting outdoors into warm spring soil. Direct-seed in early summer for color in late summer or fall. Plant seeds A" deep they need darkness to germinate. They should sprout in 1 week. Thin seedlings to 1. ... 

Direct-seed outdoors in early April. Soak the hard-coated seed in tepid water for 8 hours, or notch them with a file to speed germination. Place in loose, well-prepared, average soil. Or start seeds indoors in 4" pots and transplant outdoors after frost. 

Sow seed indoors 7 weeks before the last frost date. Set plants out in late spring when the soil is warm. Direct-seed outdoors in warm soil and full sun after last frost. Mix the tiny seed with sand to get an even distribution. Press seeds down firmly, but don t bury them. Water gently, keeping the soil moist until seedlings appear (about 10 days). 

Where summers are short, start seeds indoors. 3 months before last frost. Ample light and 70° F soil for 4 weeks are needed for germination. Move outdoors when night temperatures are above 50°E Space T apart. Or direct-seed outdoors as soon as weather warms up, although germination may be poor. Many gardeners prefer to buy nursery-grown plants. 

Applied alone, pretilachlor is not sufficiently selective in direct-seeded (wet-sown) rice. 

Direct-seeded rice does not tolerate pretilachlor in doses required for adequate weed control. The Ciba Geigy AG has discovered and developed a new safening agent, 4,6-dichloro-2-phenyl-pyrimidine (CGA123 407,23), which protects the rice seedling from damage and does not interfere with the herbicidal activity of pretilachlor. 

In the way usual for dinitroanilines, isopropalin is used preemergence, incorporated on transplanted barley and dark tobacra (Shoop, 1969) and on direct-seeded peppers and tomatoes (Guse, 1969). 

For direct seeded rice benthiocarb is applied at a rate of 3-6 kg active ingredient/ha to the surface of the water 3-5 days before seeding or 5-10 days after seeding, for transplanted rice at the same rate 3-10 days after transplanting. 

Samui, R. C., and Dasgupta, S. K. (1982). Effect of soil and foliar application of zinc, boron and molybdenum on direct seeded rice, transplanted rice and berseem grown in sequence. Indian J. Agron. 27 35-40. 

Table 2.4.5 Herbicidal activity on direct-seeded rice and weeds as a ...

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