Lateral nucleus

Shimizu E, Tang YP, Rampon C, Tsien JZ (2000) NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic reinforcement as a crucial process for memory consolidation. Science 290 1170-1174 Shobe J (2002) The role of PKA, CaMKll, and PKC in avoidance conditioning permissive or instructive Neimobiol Learn Mem 77 291-312 Shimiyatsky GP, Tsvetkov E, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Hatton M, Hampton L, Battey JF, Dulac C, Kandel ER, Bolshakov VY (2002) Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 905-918... 

Shumyatsky G, Tsvetkov E, Malleret G, Vronskaya S, Horton M, Hampton L, Battey JF, Dulac C, Kandel ER, Bolshakov VY (2002) Identification of a signaling network in lateral nucleus of amygdala important for inhibiting memory specifically related to learned fear. Cell 111 905-918... 

Figure 2.2 Fear elicits both physical and emotional changes that are coordinated by the amygdala. When a person sees a fear-inducing stimulus (the spider), the image reaches the thalamus, which is relayed to the cortex and hippocampus and projected to the lateral nucleus of the am dala. Once the information reaches the amygdala s central nucleus, the thalamus, hippocampus, and cortex each produce a different fear response.

Hiroi, Noboru, Robert J. McDonald, and Norman M. White. 1990. "Involvement of the Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala in Amphetamine and Food Conditioned Place Preferences (CPP)." Society far Neuroscience Abstracts 16 605. 

The Lateral Nucleus of the Amygdala Mediates Expression of the Amphetamine-Conditioned Place Preference." Journal of Neuroscience 11 2107-16. 

The striatum, the nucleus accumbens, the hippocampus, the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus, the habenula, the interpeduncular nucleus, the nucleus of the tractus soli-tarius, the raphe nuclei and the medulla oblongata are rich in tachykinin NK1 receptors (Otsuka and Yoshioka, 1993). The predominant expression of N receptors within the spinal dorsal horn is consistent with the assumption that SP and NKA are important messengers here (Bleazard et al., 1994). The distribution of NKi receptors in the peripheral nervous system and in the gut are discussed elsewhere (McLean, 1996 Quartara and Maggi, 1997, 1998). 

Fig. 6. (continued) thalamic nucleus VLps ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus, pars postrema VPLc ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, caudal part III oculomotor nucleus. Scale bar 5 mm. 

Ikai et al. (1992) reported that the VTA sends projections to the rat cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei bilaterally, with a slight contralateral predominance. In this study, dopaminergic efferents of the A10 cell group were reported to reach mainly the granule cell layer of the cerebellar cortex in the lateral portion of the hemispheres, with additional input to the Purkinje cell layer, but sparing the molecular layer. The deep cerebellar nuclei, and in particular the lateral nucleus, were instead found to receive inputs from nondopaminergic cells of the VTA, reciprocating projections to the VTA bilaterally and with a contralateral predominance. 

With regard to extrastriatal areas, there is distinct, but much weaker, binding in the substantia nigra, whereas other subcortical structures such as the thalamus have either no, or a very low density of, DAT. Low densities of the DAT are present in the external segment of the globus pallidus and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (Hall et al.,... 

Schwarz C, Schmitz Y (1997) Projections from the cerebellar lateral nucleus to precerebellar nuclei in the mossy fiber pathway is glutamatergic a. study combining anterograde tracing with immunogold labeling in the rat. J Comp Neurol 3S/ 320-334. 

Farb CR, LeDoux JE (1997) NMDA and AMPA receptors in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are postsynaptic to auditory thalamic afferents. Synapse 27 106-121. 

Three putative endogenous cannabinoids, anandamide, 2-AG, and NADA, appear to be susceptible to degradation by FAAH (Cravatt et al. 1996 Deutsch and Chin 1993 Di Marzo et al. 1998 Huang et al. 2002). Immunohistochemical studies show that FAAH is present in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus (Egertova et al. 1998, 2003 Tsou et al. 1998b), the termination zone of the... 

Ojima et al. (1989) showed that all cerebellar nuclei in rat are innervated by ChAT-immunoreactive fibers. The density of these fibers varies between the different nuclei. Moderately dense innervation was found in most of the medial nucleus and in the magnocellular part of the lateral nucleus, whereas only a few ChAT-immunoreactive fibers invade the ventromedial parvicellular portion of the lateral nucleus and most of the interposed. Also in the cerebellar nuclei of man a moderate density of ChAT-positive fibers has been observed (DeLacalle et al., 1993). Both in rat and man these fibers did not form pericellular networks. DeLacalle et al. (1993) and Ikeda et al. (1991) also found... 

The ventromedial part of the lateral nucleus consists of smaller cells. Those in the region of the hilus correspond to the small intrinsic neurons described by Chan-Palay... 

The GABAergic-nucleocortical cells may be identical to the small nucleocortical neurons that were identified in the posterior interposed nucleus and along the boundaries of the lateral nucleus of the rat by retrograde transport of an antibody to GAD... 

Jansen and Brodal (1940, 1942) studied the corticonuclear projection of the corpus cerebelli with the Marchi method in cat, rabbit and mactique. They confirmed the uncrossed projection of each hemivermis to the medial nucleus and the vestibular nuclei. In the hemisphere they distinguished an intermediate zone, that projects to Brunner s (1919) interpositus nucleus and a lateral zone, that is connected with the lateral nucleus. They noticed the correspondence between their three-zonal arrangement in the corti-... 

The nucleo-olivary projection is not completely crossed. Some fibers from the dorsolateral hump, IP and the ventromedial lateral nucleus recross at the level of the inferior olive, and terminate in the ipsilateral DM, rostral MAO and ventral leaf of the PO respectively. Ipsilateral labelling was sparse or absent in other parts of the inferior olive. 

The collateral projections from the lateral reticular nucleus terminate in the same regions of the cerebellar nuclei as the direct spinocerebellar projections. According to Matsushita and Ikeda (1976) they are absent from the lateral cerebellar nucleus in the cat, but according to Dietrichs (1983b) certain parts of the lateral nucleus receive lateral reticular afferents. A weak projection of the lateral reticular nucleus to the lateral vestibular nucleus that was described by Dietrichs and Walberg (1979a) in the cat, recently was confirmed in the rat (Ruigrok et al., 1995). 

Eller T, Chan-Palay V (1976) Afferents to the cerebellar lateral nucleus. Evidence from retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase after pressure injections through micropipettes. J. Comp. Neurol, 166, 285-302. 

Yamamoto M (1978) Localization of rabbit s flocculus Purkinje cells projeeting to the cerebellar lateral nucleus and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi investigated by means of the horseradish peroxidase retrograde axonal transport. Neuroscl Lett., 7, 197-202. 

The cytoarchitecture of NLOT (Fig. 17C) has been studied extensively by McDonald (1983). It is considered an anterior part of the amygdala. NLOT can be subdivided into 3 layers on the basis of Nissl preparations a superficial plexiform layer I which contains a few small and medium-sized cells, a layer II which contains many tightly packed cells, and layer III located dorsal to layer II and containing fairly large, loosely packed cells. Most cells of NLOT are medium-sized pyramidal shaped with extensive spines on secondary and distal dendrites. According to McDonald (1983), layers I and II appear similar in connections to the piriform cortex while layer III seems to be a closely related subcortical area. Many neurons of layers II and fewer neurons of layer III project to the olfactory bulb (de Olmos et al. 1978 Shipley and Adamek, 1984). In addition to olfactory bulb projections, many axons of NLOT neurons make up the stria terminalis and cross to the contralateral piriform cortex, olfactory tubercle, lateral nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (de Olmos, 1972). Afferent connections to NLOT arise mainly from olfactory related areas and the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. 

O 5-HT Serotonin LNA PAC Lateral nucleus of amygdala Periaqueductal gray... 

---