Periodic table historical development

The concept of chemical periodicity is central to the study of inorganic chemistry. No other generalization rivals the periodic table of the elements in its ability to systematize and rationalize known chemical facts or to predict new ones and suggest fruitful areas for further study. Chemical periodicity and the periodic table now find their natural interpretation in the detailed electronic structure of the atom indeed, they played a major role at the turn of the century in elucidating the mysterious phenomena of radioactivity and the quantum effects which led ultimately to Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom. Because of this central position it is perhaps not surprising that innumerable articles and books have been written on the subject since the seminal papers by Mendeleev in 1869, and some 700 forms of the periodic table (classified into 146 different types or subtypes) have been proposed. A brief historical survey of these developments is summarized in the Panel opposite. 

F. P. Venable, The Developmeni of ihe Periodic Law, Chemical Publishing Co., Easton. Pa., 1896. This i.s Ihe first general review of periodic tables and has an almost complete colleclion of those published to that lime. J. W. Van Spronsen. The Periodic Syeiem of ihe Chemical Elements, Elsevier. Amsterdam, 1969, 368 pp. An excellent modem account of the historical developments leading up to Mendeleev s table. 

According to Vpl nov, the historical development of inorganic peroxide chemistry can be divided into four periods. The fust period, from 1818 (Thenard s synthesis of H202) to 1869 (the formulation of the Periodic Table by D.I. Mendele eff) is characterized by the wide-ranging investigations conducted by Thenard and his co-workers concerning the reaction of oxidized water which resulted in the development of a whole series of peroxide derivs as well as a more precise determination of the structure of Na peroxide... 

Table II. Historical periods and technological developments in Mesopotamian ceramic technology.

The book is designed to introduce fundamental knowledge in three areas the history of the atom, the periodic table and radioactivity. We will study the historical development of atomic structure theories, the tendencies of elements in periods and groups, and the types of emissions and uses of radioactivity. 

Seaborg was warned not (o publish his new periodic table because it would ruin his scientific reputation. He is quoted as saying. sometime later, 1 didn t have any scientific reputation so I published it anyway. For a discussion of this and other interesting historical developments in actinide chemistry, see George Kauffman s review, Beyond Uranium" in Chem. Eng. News 1990, 68(47), 18-29. 

In this chapter we provide a historical perspective of the development of the field of computational toxicology. Beginning from the similarity-based grouping of elements into the periodic table, the chapter presents a chronology of developments from the simple observations of qualitative relations between structure and toxicity through LFER (linear free energy related) and QSAR (quantitative structure activity relationship) models, to the current... 

Relate historic experiments to the development of the modern model of the atom. Illustrate the modern model of an atom. Interpret the information available in an element block of the periodic table. 

After the initial discovery by Onnes of superconductivity in mercury, tin, and lead, research focused on the discovery of new superconducting phases with even higher values. It was found that 25 % of the elements of the periodic table are superconductors and that a plethora of alloys exhibit superconductivity [16]. A theory to describe the phenomenon of superconductivity was introduced by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) which, as originally formulated, placed an upper limit on Tc of about 35 to 40 K [19]. For a synopsis of the historical development of superconductor theory, see [20]. We shall use the term low temperature superconductor (LTS) as a reference to those materials which possess values less than the theoretical limit of 35 to 40 K imposed by the original BCS theory. 

This chapter describes a recent and controversial period of supercritical fluid history, 1977-1987. An outline of the information to be covered in this chapter is given in Table I. The history of supercritical fluid solubility phenomena was summarized in an earlier paper (1). That paper reviewed the first literature report on the subject by Hannay and Hogarth in 1879 (2), the work of many researchers who investigated the phase behavior of various materials dissolved in supercritical fluids (3-5), and some process/product applications of supercritical fluid extraction (6-8). A quite detailed historical development, covering in depth the first score years after 1879, has been published elsewhere (9). 

Sugarman 1951). A set of monographs published by the National Research Council over a period of several years, entitled The Radiochemistry of [Element] (NAS-NRC 1960a), traverses the entire periodic table. Another set (NAS-NRC 1960b) of monographs is on radiochemical techniques. Laue and Nash (2003) edited symposium presentations of recently developed chemical and radiation detection methods, together with overviews of historical developments and current needs. 

Historical Development of the Lewis/Kossel Model 2.1 The Periodic Table... 

Since this book is about the periodic table of the elements, rather than compounds, the quantum theory of chemical bonding is not discussed. For a historical account of developments in molecular quantum chemistry, interested readers may consult J. Servos, Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1990. 

The use of adhesives can be traced back many centuries, while the production of adhesives, on an industrial scale, started about 300 years ago. The birth of modern structural adhesives can be dated from about 1910, with the introduction of the phenol-formaldehyde resins.Table II summarizes the historical development of structural adhesives, with the dates referring to the approximate time period during which each adhesive became commercially available. The introduction dates for the high-temperature polymers (polyimide, polybenzimidazole, and polyquinoxa-line) have been included for reference, although, as previously mentioned, there are presently few commercial products based on these polymers. 

As was stated at the start of Section 10.2.3, the Pt(III) - Pt(III) single bond is one of the most prevalent metal-metal bonds in the whole periodic table. As a research field with historical prosperity but relatively slow in development recently, some of the latest advances of diplatinum(III) compounds. 

A historical perspective on the development of the modern periodic table is both interesting and important. A Russian chemist by the name of Dimitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the development of the first periodic table, although a German chemist, Lothar Meyer, working independent of Mendeleev at approximately the same time, did much the same work. Their... 

In section 3 Hettema and Kuipers begin their main task of axiomatizing the periodic table. In order to construct a potential model for the periodic table the authors depart from the historical development, as one might rightly expect in any attempted axiomatization. The potential model which is to serve to axiomatize the early periodic table as well as the modem version includes both atomic weight and an atomic number function, z. To justify such an approach the authors state that Mendeleev implicidy realized the need to use z. 

In fact the concept of electronic configuration as a causally explanatory feature has become very much the domain of chemistry or to be more precise it is the dominant paradigm in modem chemistry. Conversely, physicists are only too aware of the limitations of the electronic configuration model and they only draw upon it as a zero order approximation. Hettema and Kuipers further state that Bohr s theory of the atom, despite its level of approximation, is to be regarded as a physical theory because the explanation of the periodic table was only a spin-off from its development. But given Heilbron and Kuhn s detailed version of the historical development, it was precisely the explanation of the periodic table which provided the initial impetus for Bohr s famous theory of the atom, whereas the explanation of the hydrogen spectmm only arose later. (Heilbron and Kuhn, 1969). 

The periodic table is also usually taken as a classic example in which successful prediction was responsible for die widespread acceptance of a scientific development. Interestingly, this is the only case in which Steven Brush is prepared to acce that, contrary to all the other cases he has examined, prediction was indeed the main factor responsible for the acceptance of Mendeleev s periodic. The alleged importance of predictions is also stressed in nearly every chemistry textbook and even sophisticated historical treatments, where it is claimed that Mendeleev s system prevailed specifically because of his successful predictions (Scerri, Worrall, Prediction ). 

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