Brief Historical Survey

The concept of chemical periodicity is central to the study of inorganic chemistry. No other generalization rivals the periodic table of the elements in its ability to systematize and rationalize known chemical facts or to predict new ones and suggest fruitful areas for further study. Chemical periodicity and the periodic table now find their natural interpretation in the detailed electronic structure of the atom indeed, they played a major role at the turn of the century in elucidating the mysterious phenomena of radioactivity and the quantum effects which led ultimately to Bohr s theory of the hydrogen atom. Because of this central position it is perhaps not surprising that innumerable articles and books have been written on the subject since the seminal papers by Mendeleev in 1869, and some 700 forms of the periodic table (classified into 146 different types or subtypes) have been proposed. A brief historical survey of these developments is summarized in the Panel opposite. 

H. Schubert, ChemZtg 97 (9), 486—92 (1973) CA 80,28964 (1974) A brief historical survey of solid rocket proplnts is followed by a description of solid propint motors and of the uses of the proplnts. The compn and the process technology of two fundamentally different types of proplnts, ie, homogeneous or double-base solid proplnts and heterogeneous or composite solid proplnts, are described. Their properties are reviewed... 

Qualitative and quantitative relations between enthalpy and entropy were observed several times in the 1920 s, and their importance was rightly recognized by some authors. However, some ideas from this early work seem to have been overlooked later, perhaps because they were connected with obsolete theories or because they were developed independently in the fields of organic chemistry, catalysis, and pure physical chemistry. For this reason, a brief historical survey seems appropriate. 

The pi theorem is often associated with the name of Buckingham (4), because he introduced this term in 1914, but the proof of it was accomplished in the course of a mathematical analysis of partial differential equations by Federmann in 1911 see Ref. 5, Chap. 1.1, A Brief Historical Survey. 

SE and SBA are primarily used in commercial blasting. Consequently this article will emphasize compns, expl props and commercial applications of slurries. Fluid-solid mixts such as RDX-H20 or HMX—H20, which are nominally expl slurries, will not be considered. A brief historical survey will be presented in Section II followed by prepn methods and uses in Section III compns and Trade Names in Section IV Explosive Characteristics in Section V a brief overview of patents and literature in Section VI and Refs in Section VII... 

Since implant materials are fairly recent, transplants might be considered to be the precursors of implants a brief historical survey confirms this view. 

The wide diversity of observed proton/electron ratios is surprising, especially for the uninitiated reader. We therefore include here a brief historical survey of experimental reports on the much studied segment 2 -I- 3 as a guide into the complexity of the literature. 

Re Entries [12] and [15], Refs. [12] and [15]) A condse listing of Planck units and other useful data, entitled "Some Useful Numbers in Conventional and Geometrized Units," is provided in the back endcover of Ref. [12], In this back endcover of Ref. [12] the Planck length is referred to as the Planck distance (elsewhere in Ref. [12] it is referred to as the Planck length) and the Planck power is referred to as the emission factor. Reference [12] cites Ref. [13] as the most important work in the derivation of the Planck system of units. Reference [15], like Ref. [12], cites Ref. [13]. Additionally, in Sect. 31.1, Ref. [15] gives a brief historical survey of works deriving the Planck system of units. Reference [15] extends the Planck system of units to also include Boltzmann s constant k. 

In this chapter the basic semiclassical theory of nonadiabatic transition is reviewed and explained. Semiclassical theory has a history of more than 60 years since the pioneering work of Landau (13), Zener (14), and Stiickelberg (15) in 1932. Not only a brief historical survey of the theory, but also the most recent theoretical achievements are... 

The brief historical survey given in Table 1-1 shows just how the closely ftie development of catalysis is linked to the history of industrial chemistry [4]. 

After a brief historical survey and discussion of the simple models used in much of the interpretation we discuss the four main areas of experimental approach to the study of bonding in solids—the measurement of charge and momentum distributions, of nuclear energy levels, of electronic energy levels and of spin and spin distributions. Finally, some recent computational advances are mentioned. 

Tcuoni, P.J., Hoces, L, Stingelln, N., Heeney, M., BUotti, E., 2014. Thermoelectric materials a brief historical survey from metal junctions and inorganic semiconductors to organic polymers. Israel J. Chem. 54,534-552. 

Feeny, P., Theories of plant chemical defense A brief historical survey, Symp. Hung. Biol., 39, 163-175 (1990). 

Many theorists have written about motivation, particularly motivation at work. They have emphasised different aspects at different times. The following is a brief historical survey of the main currents of theory. 

The history of these methods is long, complex, and very interesting but no attempt will be made to present a historical survey here. An excellent brief historical survey has recently been given by Pedersen (168, pp. 62-57 inc .). For earlier discussions, with references, see for instance Howe (108) and Cohn (35). 

This ability of compressed gases to display solvent powers akin to liquids is termed the gas extraction effect. The existence of this effect has been known for over 100 years (a brief historical survey is included as an appendix to this chapter). However it was not until about 1978 that a commercially viable extraction process based entirely on the gas extraction effect came into operation. The process, developed by HAG.AG in Germany, was for the decaffeination of coffee using compressed supercritical carbon dioxide and is described in chapter 5. Today this process and variants of it have been applied also to the decaffeination of tea and to the extraction of the bitter components from hops (chapters 4 and 8). 

From the brief historical survey above, it is expected that the demographic trends in Karabakh for the last 150 years would have generally shifted in favor of the... 

This brief historical survey will suffice to highlight the difficulties inherited by twentieth century soil scientists. It is now pertinent to discuss briefly the period leading to our modern day understanding of humic substances because this influences the biological approach to the use of these substances, particularly the widespread use of humic acids. 

It is obviously impossible to list the many hundreds of individual papers on which this brief historical survey is based. References will be found in the following review articles ... 

In this chapter, these thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of passivity are presented after a brief historical survey The following section discusses the electrode kinetics in the passive state. Next the chemical composition and chemical structure of passive films form on pure mefals are reviewed wifh an emphasis on iron. This is followed by a compilation of data for binary alloys. The elecfronic properties of passive layers are fhen discussed, and the last section covers the structural aspects of passivify. 

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