Performance standards regulations

Gerstenfeld s empirical studies of 107 successful and unsuccessful companies in Government Regulation Effects on the Direction of Innovation A Focus on Performance Standards, (11) could only find that performance standards regulations have a secondary, but positive, impact on the direction of successful innovations. Lessing comes to the conclusion in Why the U.S. 

Performance standards regulations attack the problem with a somewhat exact specification of "go" or "no go acceptability. 

RCRA incinerator regulations include adrninistrative as weU as performance standards. Administrative standards include procedures for waste analysis, inspection of equipment, monitoring, and facihty security. Steps needed to meet adrninistrative standards are outlined ia the permit apphcation performance standards are demonstrated during a trial bum. Trial bum operating conditions are included in the permit to assure ongoing compliance with the performance standards. Performance standards include destmction and removal efficiency (DRE), particulate emissions limits, products of incomplete combustion emission limits, metal emission limits, and HCl and Cl emission limits (see Exhaust CONTROL, INDUSTRIAL). 

Cla.ss II Performance Sta.nda.rds. This category regulates devices for which General Controls are not sufficient to ensure safety and effectiveness. Class 11 controls iaclude all the controls ia Class 1. In addition, manufacturers of sutures ia Class 11 must give the EDA 90-days notice of their iatent to market the suture, by way of a 510(k) filing providing data to show that the suture is "substantially equivalent" to an already-approved device. Most sutures were reclassified iato Class 11 ia 1989. Other than USP standards, performance standards for sutures have not actually been promulgated, but the EDA has taken the stand that sufficient information exists ia the pubHshed Hterature to ensure the safety and effectiveness of sutures ia this class. 

The pollutants, source categories, and affected facilities for which the United States has established New Source Performance Standards are listed in Table 25-1. Certain categories listed in Table 25-1 are subject to U.S. Prevention of Significant Deterioration (of air quality) (PSD) review if their emission potential of a regulated pollutant exceeds 100 tons per year. In... 

Select one source category and affected facility from Table 25-1 and determine the detailed performance standards for the pollutants regulated. 

The first step in designing a stack for air pollution control purposes is to determine exactly what regulatory constraints and requirements exist at the particular site. These constraints and requirements may be so severe that alternative means of air pollution control may have to be sought. In any case, the regulations specify a performance standard to which the stack must be designed, and against which the design can be evaluated. 

The gaseous emissions from the FCC unit are CO, NOj, particulates, and SOj. All are either locally or nationally regulated. Table 10-7 shows the current allowable limits of the EPA New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for the emissions of these airborne pollutants. NSPS levels can be triggered by one of the following conditions ... 

RCRA Subtitle I regulates USTs that contain petroleum or hazardous substances. A major objective of Subtitle I is to prevent and clean up releases from tanks. Under Subtitle I, U.S. EPA has developed performance standards for new tanks, upgrading requirements for existing tanks, and regulations to prevent, detect, and clean up releases at all UST sites. State UST programs may be approved to operate in lieu of the federal program. 

Emissions from combustion units may comprise a variety of hazardous pollutants. To minimize potential harmful effects of these pollutants, U.S. EPA developed performance standards to regulate four pollutant categories ... 

Boilers and most industrial furnaces have performance standards that they must meet. For each category or type of emission, the regulations establish compliance methods and alternatives. 

The final performance standard is for toxic metals. For RCRA combustion units, both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic metals are regulated under the same type of tiered system as chlorine. The facility determines an appropriate tier for each regulated metal and assures that the facility meets these feed rate and emission standards. A different tier may be selected for each metal pollutant. 

While medical waste is not subject to federal RCRA regulation, air emissions from new and existing hospital, infectious, and medical waste incinerators are subject to New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and emission guidelines under CAA. 

On September 23, 1988, U.S. EPA issued the final technical performance standards and associated regulations for USTs.13 On October 26,1988, U.S. EPA issued the final regulations for financial responsibility for those USTs related mainly with petroleum products. The technical standards for USTs comprise eight components, as described in the following sections13-14 ... 

In general, PM emissions limits are established on a per ton of pulp produced basis or for specific processes (e.g., lime kilns, smelt tanks, and recovery furnaces). Certain states have also established opacity limits and performance standards for specific processes. Investigations related to the integrated rulemaking identified 17 states with regulations specific to the pulp and paper industry. 

The Subpart O standards4 for hazardous waste incinerators set performance standards that limit the quantity of gaseous emissions an incinerator may release. Specifically, the regulations set limits on the emission of organics, HC1, and PM. The following section outlines the requirements for each of these substances. 

PM are tiny particles of ash that are carried along with the combustion gases to the incinerator s stack. The incinerator regulations control metal emissions through the performance standard for particulates, since metals are often contained in or attached to the PM. A limit of 180 mg PM/dscm of gas emitted through the stack has been discussed in section. 

Basically, U.S. EPA regulations and guidance16 require that the final cover be no more permeable than the liner system. In addition, the cover must be designed to function with minimum maintenance, and to accommodate settlement and subsidence of the underlying waste. The regulations do not specify any design criteria for liner materials to meet the performance standard for permeability. 

BPT = Best Practicable (Control) Technology EPA - Environmental Protection Agency FDA = Food and Drug Administration FSIS = Food Safety Inspection Service IARC = International Agency for Research on Cancer NSPS = New Source Performance Standards OWRS = Office of Water Regulations and Standards PSES = Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources PSNS = Pretreatment Standards for New Sources RfD Dose u.f. = Uncertainty Factor... 

The secretary, under the law, must review and approve the required assessment, plan, and implementation for each facility. The statute prohibits the secretary from disapproving a site security plan on the basis of the presence or absence of a particular security measure, but the secretary may disapprove a site security plan that does not meet the risk-based performance standards. The secretary may approve vulnerability assessments (see chapter 5) and site security plans created through security programs not developed by DHS, so long as the results of these programs meet the risk-based performance standards established in regulation. 

NI0SH = National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health NSPS = New Source Performance Standards ODW = Office of Drinking Water OERR = Office of Emergency and Remedial Response 0PP = Office of Pesticide Programs OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration 0SW = Office of Solid Waste OWRS = Office of Water Regulations and Standards PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit PSNS =... 

Incineration. A "pesticide Incinerator" Is defined as "any Installation capable of the controlled combustion of pesticides, at a temperature of 1000 C (1832 F) for two seconds dwell time In the combustion zone, or lower temperatures and related dwell times that will assure complete conversion of the specific pesticide to Inorganic gases and solid ash residues" ( 2). In addition, an Incinerator must meet the performance standards promulgated under RCRA (40 CFR 264 Subpart 0) If pesticides regulated under RCRA are to be burned. This means that an Incinerator must be capable of destroying or removing 99.99% of the pesticide put Into It. Test burns that are fully monitored are normally required to determine whether this performance standard Is achieved. 

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