Performance-Related Requirements

EV range depends primarily on the amount of effective energy stored per unit weight or volume of the battery. The specific energy (Wh kg ) of secondary batteries delivered to EV wheels is approximately 2-5% of that of gasoline. Volumetrically, the situation is not much better, the energy density being within - 3-7% of the 

The effective specific energy of various batteries amounts presently to some 10-25% of theoretical specific energy (defined as the reversible work of the cell reaction per unit weight of reactive electrode materials). The extent of departure from the theoretical value depends on (1) the weight of nonactive battery components  

Efforts to improve the ratio of effective to theoretical specific energy involve, in general (1) replacement, where possible, of inert grid, container, connector, and current collector materials by lightweight substances (2) increase of utilization of active materials by improved cell design and/or use of special additives (3) careful modeling and optimization of current collection and (4) use of bipolar electrodes. 

The EV s range can be somewhat extended by the battery s capability of accepting charge pulses during regenerative braking. 

Depending on the battery and driving profile, such recovery may increase the range by some 15-25%.  

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As a consequence, it is now possible to specify the target AC using an empirical or a fundamental specification. Both are based on a combination of requirements for composition and constituent materials with performance-related requirements. The difference between the two specifications is that the fundamental specification provides more degrees of freedom than the empirical specification. 

Although the target mixture is now determined in Europe on performance-related requirements, European limit values have not yet been set. Until European limit values are set, each country specifies its own limit values. 

The American Superpave design methodology was developed bearing in mind the use of performance-related requirements. At present, the Superpave design selects the bitumen on the basis of performance-related specifications but the target asphalt mix is still determined on the basis of volumetric properties. 

Specific system safety performance related requirements. 

Determination - by a series of tests and examinations of a product, related documents, and processes - that the product meets all the specified performance capability requirements. 

The minimum number of the tube rows recommended to establish a proper air flow pattern is 4, although 3 rows can be used. The typical unit has 4-6 rows of tubes, but more can be used. Although more heat can be transferred by increasing the number of tubes, the required fan horsepower will be increased however, this balance must be optimized for an effective economical design. Tubes are laid out on transverse or longitudinal patterns however, the transverse is usually used due to the improved performance related to pressure drop and heat transfer. The tube pitch is quite important for best air-side performance. A typical representative tube arrangement for design optimization is for hare-tube O.D., tinned-tube O.D., and tube pitch ... 

Fracture mechanic The fracture mechanics theory developed for metals is also adaptable for use with plastics. The basic concepts remain the same, but since metals and plastics are different they require different techniques to describe their fatigue-failure behaviors. Some of the comments made about crack and fracture influences on fatigue performance relate to the theory of fracture mechanics. The fracture mechanics theory method, along with readily... 

I mentioned that new computer codes - RAFSCATT 1 and RAF-SCATT 2 have been very recently formulated by Dr. Gary Jacobs and Mr. William Anderson of Rockwell Hanford s Basalt Waste Isolation Project. These codes relate required engineered barrier (i.e., waste packages and seals performance to draft NRC and EPA criteria). A key part of these codes is that they partition... 

For nonpharmacopeial materials a full specification should be included in the application. This should include appropriate tests and requirements for physical characteristics, identification, relevant purity tests, and performance-related tests. Characteristics likely to influence bioavailability of the finished product should be controlled. Routine tests and specifications should be described. Methods should be validated. The material should be fully characterized, with full data on the chemistry concerned and including consideration of the safety of the excipient. Any relevant European Directive requirements or other international specifications should be met, but additional requirements might apply depending on the intended use of the product—e.g., for materials to be used in sterile products. 

Volatility is an important property of all types of gasoline since it is related to performance and requires sufficient low-boiling hydrocarbons to vaporize easily... 

Sources and detectors Specific discussions of sources and detectors have been covered elsewhere in this article. The issues here are more service and performance related. Most sources have a finite lifetime, and are service replaceable items. They also generate heat, which must be successfully dissipated to prevent localized heating problems. Detectors are of similar concern. For most applications, where the interferometer is operated at low speeds, without any undesirable vibrational/mechanical problems, the traditional lithium tantalate or DTGS detectors are used. These pyroelectric devices operate nominally at room temperature and do not require supplemental cooling to function, and are linear over three or four decades. 

Proton acid-base reactions are not particularly sensitive to stoic compression, and hence provide a good measure of inductive effects. For acid-base character, three sets of reference reactions can be used. The easiest of these to perform experimentally requires an analogy be drawn between the relative pK values of a series of protonated annelated pyridines and the pK values of the analogous isoelectronic benzene. The second is a direct measure of the kinetic acidity of the a- and P-sites on a soies of annelated benzenes. The third is a related direct assessment of kinetic acidity by protodetritiation. 

A student must read the description of the experiments he is to perform in the guide to the practical work, acquaint himself in textbooks with the properties of the substances being studied, with the theory relating to the given topic, write the reaction equations, perform the required calculations, and also note the experiments that demand special attention and carefulness. 

Carrier facilitated transport processes often achieve spectacular separations between closely related species because of the selectivity of the carriers. However, no coupled transport process has advanced to the commercial stage despite a steady stream of papers in the academic literature. The instability of the membranes is a major technical hurdle, but another issue has been the marginal improvements in economics offered by coupled transport processes over conventional technology such as solvent extraction or ion exchange. Major breakthroughs in performance are required to make coupled transport technology commercially competitive. 

The optimal Reynolds number defines the operating conditions at which the cylindrical system performs a required heat and mass transport, and generates the minimum entropy. These expressions offer a thermodynamically optimum design. Some expressions for the entropy production in a multicomponent fluid take into account the coupling effects between heat and mass transfers. The resulting diffusion fluxes obey generalized Stefan-Maxwell relations including the effects of ordinary, forced, pressure, and thermal diffusion. 

BZs should be reserved for patients at low risk of substance abuse, those who require rapid relief, or those who have not responded to other therapies. Clonazepam is the most extensively studied BZ for treatment of generalized SAD. It improved fear and phobic avoidance, interpersonal sensitivity, fears of negative evaluation, and disability measures. Adverse effects include sexual dysfunction, unsteadiness, dizziness, and poor concentration. Clonazepam should be tapered at a rate not to exceed 0.25 mg every 2 weeks. Gabapentin was effective for SAD, and onset of effect was 2 to 4 weeks. j8-Blockers blunt the peripheral autonomic symptoms of arousal (e.g., rapid heart rate, sweating, blushing, and tremor) and are often used to decrease anxiety in performance-related situations. For specific SAD, 10 to 80 mg of propranolol or 25 to 100 mg of atenolol can be taken 1 hour before the performance. A test dose should be taken at home on a day before the performance to be sure adverse effects wUl not be problematic. Incomplete response to a first-line agent may benefit from augmentation with buspirone or clonazepam. 

A fourth proposition was discussed by Vuthandam et al. (1995). Their idea is that the values of the MFC tuning parameters must satisfy robust stability requirements. It turns out that for the robust stability requirements developed by these authors, performance improves as the prediction horizon length, p, increases from its minimum value to larger values, but after a certain point performance deteriorates as p increases further. This happens because for very large p the input move terms in the on-line objective function must be penalized so much that the controller becomes very sluggish and performance suffers. Results such as these depend on the form of the robust stability conditions. If such conditions are only sufficient, as is the case with Vuthandam et al (1995), then performance-related results may be conservative. 

For a process system that involves liquid and gas streams in equilibrium and vapor-liquid equilibrium relations for all distributed components, draw and label the flowchart, carry out the degree-of-freedom analysis, and perform the required calculations. 

CCPS defines reliability as the probability that an item is able to perform a required function under stated conditions for a stated period of time or for a stated demand. In addition to relying on QA/QC, companies use dependable data to conduct reliability analyses. Though related,- reliability is different from quality. While quality control is concerned with the performance of a product or process at one time, reliability is concerned with the performance of a product over its entire lifetime. Reliability engineering addresses all aspects of a product s life, from its conception, subsequent design, and production processes, through its practical use lifetime, with maintenance support and availability, and covers reliability, maintainability, and availability. Process safety metrics data can provide valuable input to the life data analyses used to estimate the probability and capability of parts, components, and systems to perform their required functions for desired periods without failure, in specified environments. 

Based on the experimental work, a first draft was worked out for a new test method to determine heat output, efficiency and emissions of slow heat release appliances. The requirements as defined in chapter 2 such as accuracy, repeatability, laboratory independence and good price/performance relation were considered. 

As already mentioned in the descriptions above, training and education are key components in systems audits. ICH GCP (1995) requires that each individual involved in conducting a trial should be qualified by education, training and experience to perform his or her respective task(s) Related requirements can be found in several paragraphs of ICH GCP. 

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