Peptides adrenocorticotropin

Matsumoto H, Maruyama M, Noguchi J, Horikoshi Y, Fujiwara K, Kitada C, Hinuma S, Onda H, Nishimura O, Inoue K, Fujino M. Stimulation of corticotropinreleasing hormone-mediated adrenocorticotropin secretion by central administration of prolactin-releasing peptide in rats. Neurosci Lett 2000 285 234—238. 

Anterior pituitary hormones include growth hormone (GH), thyrotropin (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). Another peptide, B-lipotropin (B-LPH), is derived from the same prohormone, proopiomelanocortin, as ACTH. B-LPH is secreted from the pituitary (along with ACTH), and is a precursor of the opioid peptide B-endorphin (see Chapter 31 Opioid Analgesics Antagonists). 

Adrenocorticotropin is a peptide hormone produced in the anterior pituitary. Its primary endocrine function is to stimulate synthesis and release of cortisol by the adrenal cortex. Corticotropin can be used therapeutically, but a synthetic derivative is more commonly—and almost exclusively—used to assess adrenocortical responsiveness. A substandard adrenocortical response to exogenous corticotropin administration indicates adrenocortical insufficiency. 

Corticotropin (ACTH) receptors have been used as the test preparations for comparison of the binding affinities of adrenocorticotropin peptides using a cloned mouse adrenocorticotropin receptor expressed in a stably transfected HeLa cell line (Kapas et al. 1996). Such assays measure the initial membrane binding but not strictly the biological activation e.g. of adrenal cells or melanocytes. 

Tilders FJH, Berkenbosch F, Smelik PG (1985) Control of secretion of peptides related to adrenocorticotropin, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphin. In van Wimersma Greidanus TjB (Ed), Front Hormone Res Vol. 14, pp. 161-196. Karger, Basal. 

Rafaeli et ai. have recently reported the existence of an adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-like material in locust CC (5.) detectable by immunoassay. They also reported that ACTH at 10 mM stimulated liquid excretion from, and elevated levels of cAMP in, locust Malpighian tubules. Extracts of CC produced similar effects in the traditional in vitro assay (fi.). They believe that a diuretic peptide in locusts has at least immunological similarity to ACTH. While the partial sequence reported (4.) by Morgan et ai. has no apparent similarity to ACTH, it is conceivable that these groups could be investigating the same factor. 

Peptide neurotransmitters and hormones are collectively termed neuropeptides. Neuropeptides typically consist of small peptides of approximately 3 0 residues. Several neuropeptides and several of their regulatory functions are listed these neuropeptides and others function in multiple roles as physiological regulators (too numerous to hst in this short table). Ahhreviations are adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), a-melanoc)de stimulating hormone (a-MSH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP). 

Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Melanocortin 2 receptor 39-residue peptide Stimulate the cortex of adrenal gland Solid-phase A -Boc chemistry... 

Pentagastrin is a short peptide that stimulates the production of gastric acid from the stomach by a direct action on gastrin receptors and of calcitonin from thyroid C cells (1). It also acts on cholecystokinin receptors centrally and stimulates the release of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and hence the production of glucocorticoids (2). 

Corticotropin is a peptide hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis, one of the derivatives of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) it acts primarily on the adrenal cortex, stimulating its grovrth and the secretion of corticosteroids. Its production is increased during times of stress. It is also known as adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH, corticotrophin, adrenocorticotrophin, and adrenocorticotropin. 

The answer is b. (Murray, pp 505-626. Scrivei, pp 5029-5250. Sack, pp 121-138. Wilson, pp 287-320.) Steroid hormones such as aldosterone are ultimate derivatives of cholesterol. The compound illustrated in the question is cholesterol, one of a large group of steroids. Cholesterol, which can be derived from the diet as well as synthesized de novo, is the precursor of all steroids involved in mammalian metabolism. These include the bile acids, the steroid hormones, and vitamin D. Cholesterol cannot be metabolized to carbon dioxide, and water in humans. It must be excreted as a component of bile. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is a peptide hormone of the adenohypophysis that influences the secretion of corticosteroid hormones. Prostaglandins are eicosanoid derivatives that are also made up of... 

The Sequazyme C-peptide sequencing kit enables peptide digestion followed by analysis of sequentially truncated peptides using MALDI-TOF-MS. Before digesting and analyzing unknown samples of the peptide (adrenocorticotropic hormone), the activity of the enzyme carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) was checked by dilution experiments with ammonium citrate buffer (pH = 6.1), CPY dilution and the peptide standard angiotensin I. The adrenocorticotropin ACTH (18-39) fragment (0.3 pL) was transferred as a solution of 5 x 10 5M in a 1 1... 

Hormones themselves may be proteins. Notable examples are the more well-known insulin and the lesser-known thyrotropin and somatotropin (the growth hormone), as well as the ovarian luteinizing hormone and the follicle-stimulating hormone. If of relatively low molecular weight, protein-type hormones are also known as peptides, or specifically as peptide hormones. Examples listed, as a matter of course, are adrenocorticotropin, antidiuretic hormone, glucagon, and calcitonin. (Generally speaking, a peptide is a molecule with fewer than 50 amino acids, and a protein has more than 50 amino adds. The acids are combined in myriad combinations or permutations.)... 

Eipper, B.A. and Mains, R.E. (1980) Structure and biosynthesis of pro-adrenocorticotropin/endorphin and related peptides. Endocrinol. Rev. 1 1-27. 

C. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) This peptide is formed from a large precursor peptide, proopiomelanocortin. This precursor is also the source of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, beta-endorphin, and met-enkephalin. Cosyntropin, a synthetic analog, is used for diagnostic purposes in patients with abnormal corticosteroid production. 

Corticotropin, adrenocorticotropin, adreno-corticotrophic hormone, ACTH, SYSME HFRWG KPVGKKRRPV KVYPNGAE DE SAEAFPLEF, a 39-peptide hormone formed as a proteolytic cleavage product of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the adenohypophysis. The N-terminal sequence... 

Table 1. Primary Structures of Adrenocorticotropin, Dynorphin, and Enkephalin Peptides... 

We have recently studied the interactions of adrenocorticotropin, dynorphin, and enkephalin peptides (Table 1) with membranes prepared from phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, and cerebroside sulfate lipids either singly or in combination, using essentially three methods ... 

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