Pentanol concentration

Fig. 7.19. Foam volume vs. pentanol concentration foaming system I wt.% NaDoS, 1.75% NaCl ...

Figure 17D. The pentanol concentration at different heights for the conditions in Fig. 16. The interface was initially between layers 3 and 4.

A Comparison of Reported Distribution Coefficients of Pentanol in Aqueous Solutions of SDS at 298.15 K (with emphasis on the surfactant concentration and pentanol concentration of measurement)... 

However, as will be apparent from the data presented, there are large discrepancies in the partition coefficients presented. If we take one of the most-studied systems, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and 1-pentanol, the data are given in Table 6.1. The mole fraction scale. Equation 6.1, has been used in Table 6.1, and data originally given in other units have been recalculated. As can be seen, several experimental techniques have been used, but practically all investigations have been carried out at low concentrations of SDS, less than 0.25 M and in most cases below 0.05 M. Most investigations have also been at low pentanol concentrations in many cases, the data have been extrapolated to inhnite dilution. 

TABLE 2 Pentanol Concentration in Microemulsions of System A Along the Dilution Line W5... 

It should be stressed that in this case the relative amount of (total) water was constantly decreased upon the addition of pentanol (and dodecane). Nevertheless, when the pentanol concentration reached a certain value, some of the (bound) water became free. This phenomenon may be interpreted by assuming that the pentanol molecules residing at the interface distort the three-dimensional tetrahe-... 

Microemulsion systems with toluene, pentanol, CTAB, and the IL l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate [emim][EtOSOj] or l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexylsulfate [emim][Hex0S03] were reported by Rabe and Koetz [98]. Increase in pentanol concentration evidenced enlargement of the isotropic region (Fig. 10.9). 

Figure 3.12 TTAB/pentanol systems variation of the relaxation time associated with the pentanol exchange with the pentanol concentration at constant [pentanol]/[TTAB] molar concentration ratio (+) 0.5 ( ) 1.0 and (x) 2. Reproduced from Reference 166 with permission of Elsevier/Academic Press.

Bromopentane. Proceed as for n-Amyl Bromide, but use 88 g. (108 ml.) of methyl n-propyl carbinol (2-pentanol), b.p. 118-5°. During the washing with concentrated hydrochloric acid, difficulty may be experienced in separating the acid layer this is overcome by adding a little water to decrease the density of the acid. Distil the purified product through a fractionating colunm some amylene passes over first, followed by the 2-bromopentane at 115-118° (120 g.). 

Figure 32. Graph of Distribution Coefficient of -Pentanol, Benzonitrile and Vinyl Acetate against Concentration of Unassociated Methanol...

Katz et al. also plotted the distribution coefficient of n-pentanol, benzonitrile and vinyl acetate against the concentration of unassociated methanol in the solvent mixture and the results are shown in Figure 32. It is seen that the distribution coefficient of all three solutes is predominantly controlled by the amount of unassociated methanol in the aqueous solvent mixture. In addition, the distribution coefficient increases linearly with the concentration of unassociated methanol for all three solutes over the entire concentration range. The same type of curves for anisole and benzene, shown in Figure 33, however, differ considerably. Although the relationship between distribution coefficient and unassociated methanol concentration is approximately linear up to about 50%v/v of unassociated methanol, over the entire range the... 

In addition to monomers and the initiator, an inert liquid (diluent) must be added to the monomer phase to influence the pore structure and swelling behavior of the beaded resin. The monomer diluent is usually a hydrophobic liquid such as toluene, heptane, or pentanol. It is noteworthy that the namre and the percentage of the monomer diluent also influence the rate of polymerization. This may be mainly a concentration or precipitation effect, depending on whether the diluent is a solvent or precipitant for the polymer. For example, when the diluent is a good solvent such as toluene to polystyrene, the polymerizations proceed at a correspondingly slow rate, whereas with a nonsolvent such as pentanol to polystyrene the opposite is true. 

Paine et al. [85] extensively studied the effect of solvent in the dispersion polymerization of styrene in the polar media. In their study, the dispersion polymerization of styrene was carried out by changing the dispersion medium. They used hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as the stabilizer and its concentration was fixed to 1.5% within a series of -alcohols tried as the dispersion media. The particle size increased from only 2.0 /itm in methanol to about 8.3 /itm in pentanol, and then decreased back to 1 ixm in octadecanol. The particle size values plotted against the Hansen solubility parameters... 

Therefore some indirect methods have been worked out to determine the value of ff=0.154,259 In particular (1) salting out of organic compounds from a surface-inactive electrolyte solution, (2) F"" for 1-pentanol or other organic compounds with a high attractive interaction constant a, and (3) dependence of the capacitance minimum on thiourea concentration. It should be noted that indirect estimates based on TU adsorption give... 

At infinite dilution, 1-pentanol monomers distribute between AOT-reversed micelles and the continuous organic phase, whereas at finite alcohol concentration, given the ability of alcohol to self-assemble in the apolar organic solvent, a coexistence between reversed micelles (solubilizing 1-pentanol) and alcoholic aggregates (incorporating AOT molecules) is realized [25],... 

Some of the solvent systems freqnently used include n-butanol, acetic acid, and water (BAW, 4 1 5), n-pentanol, acetic acid, and water (PAW, 2 1 1, acetic acid, concentrated HCl, and water (AHW, 25 3 72), and 1% aqneons HCl (water and concentrated HCl, 97 3). In general, anthocyanins with more glycosidic snbstitutions... 

Product selectivities ( 2 mol%) (taking into account 2- and 3-etho entane only) from the reaction of 0-ethanol and S-2-pentanol ( 0) over Nafion-H and HZSM-5 catalysts at 100°C and 1 MPa and in concentrated H2SO4 solution at 100°C and 0.1 MPa, where the true inversion (I) was calculated by using the equation given above. 

In the two figures (Figure 2.15 and Figure 2.16), examples of the densitometri-cally recorded concentration profiles of 5-phenyl-l-pentanol, chromatographed on the two different types of chromatographic paper are shown. 

FIGURE 2.15 Concentration profiles of Sphenyl-l-pentanol, obtained on Whatman No. 3 chromatography paper with -octane as mobile phase. Concentrations of the analyte solutions in 2-propanol were (a) 0.5, (b) 1.0, (c) 1.5, and (d) 2.0 mol 1" [14,25]. 

FIGURE 2.19 Comparison of the concentration profiles of 5-phenyl-f-pentanol (dashed line) and benzophenone (thin solid line) developed as single analytes and as a binary mixture (bold solid line) concentration of 5-phenyl-1-pentanol in the sample was 1.50 mol 1" and that of benzophenone was 0.10 mol 1" . Microcrystalline cellulose was used as stationary phase and -octane as mobile phase [26]. 

Hydrolysis is readily accomplished by mixing the extract with an eqnal volume of 4-M HCl and refluxed for 0.5 h. The hydrolyzed mixture is allowed to cool and then subjected to extraction with a small volume of 1-pentanol to obtain the agly-cones, the solvent then being removed by rotary evaporation. The anthocyanidins are then dissolved in a small volume of acidic methanol (0.3% concentrated HCl). 

The liquid-phase dehydration of 1-hexanol and 1-pentanol to di-n-hexyl ether (DNHE) and di-n-pentyl ether (DNPE), respectively, has been studied over H-ZSM-5, H-Beta, H-Y, and other zeolites at 160-200°C and 2.1 MPa. Among zeolites with a similar acid sites concentration, large pore H-Beta and H-Y show higher activity and selectivity to ethers than those with medium pores, although activity of H-ZSM-5 (particularly in 1-pentanol) is also noticeable. Increased Si/Al ratio in H-Y zeolites results in lower conversion of pentanol due to reduced acid site number and in enhanced selectivity to ether. Selectivity to DNPE is always higher than to DNHE... 

Micelles are spontaneously formed by most surfactants (especially single-chained ones) even at fairly low concentrations in water, whereas at higher surfactant concentrations, with or without the addition of an oil (e.g. octane) or co-surfactant (e.g. pentanol), a diverse range of structures can be formed. These various structures include micelles, multibilayers (liquid crystals), inverted micelles, emulsions (swollen micelles) and a range of microemulsions. In each case, the self-assembled structures are determined by the relative amounts of surfactant, hydrocarbon oil, co-surfactant (e.g. pentanol) and water, and the fundamental requirement that there be no molecular contact between hydrocarbon and water. 

---