Inerting, liquids

For measuring pressures of corrosive fluids, slurries, and similar process fluids which may foul Bourdon tubes, a cfiemical gauge, consisting of a Bourdon gauge equipped with an appropriate flexible diaphragm to seal off the process fluid, may be used. The combined volume of the tube and the connection between the diaphragm and the tube is filled with an inert liquid. These gauges are availabTe commercially. 

C,H4 in an inert liquid over a PdCf-carbon catalyst. 

In addition to monomers and the initiator, an inert liquid (diluent) must be added to the monomer phase to influence the pore structure and swelling behavior of the beaded resin. The monomer diluent is usually a hydrophobic liquid such as toluene, heptane, or pentanol. It is noteworthy that the namre and the percentage of the monomer diluent also influence the rate of polymerization. This may be mainly a concentration or precipitation effect, depending on whether the diluent is a solvent or precipitant for the polymer. For example, when the diluent is a good solvent such as toluene to polystyrene, the polymerizations proceed at a correspondingly slow rate, whereas with a nonsolvent such as pentanol to polystyrene the opposite is true. 

Figure 1 illustrates the process in more detail. The inert liquid is pumped upflow through the reactor at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the catalyst and to remove the reaction heat. The low Btu feed gas is passed simultaneously up the reactor where it is catalytically converted to a high concentration methane stream. The exothermic reaction heat is taken up by the liquid mainly as sensible heat and partly by vaporization (depending on the volatility of the liquid). The overhead product gases are condensed to remove the product water and to recover any vaporized liquid for recycle. The main liquid flow is circulated through a heat... 

The advance of sulfur trioxide as sulfating agent largely depended on advances in sulfonation/sulfation reactor development and changes in raw material quality. Undiluted sulfur trioxide cannot be used as a sulfating agent except in special cases where suitable equipment is used because of its violent nature. Sulfur trioxide diluted in an inert gas, usually air, when used in batch processes can cause excessive dehydration and dark-colored products. However, batch processes were used years ago and inert liquid solvents were often suggested or used to moderate the reaction. Inadequate reaction conditions lead to a finished product that can contain dialkyl sulfate, dialkyl ether, isomeric alcohols, and olefins whereas inadequate neutralization conditions can increase the content of the parent alcohol due to hydrolysis of the unstable acid sulfate accompanied by an increase of mineral sulfate. 

Le Duff Y., Holzer W. Raman band shapes of small diatomic molecules dissolved in inert liquids, Chem. Phys. Lett. 24, 212-16 (1974). 

This technique is very similar to solution polymerisation except that the monomer is suspended rather than dissolved in an inert liquid, often water. Heat transfer and reduction in viscosity are comparable with those of solution... 

Figure 1.3. Illustration of the two-stage electropolishing process for the production of FIM specimens. In Stage 1 a 5-7 mm thick layer of electrolyte is floated on a denser inert liquid, producing a necked region in the centre of the blank. In Stage 2, polishing is continued until the weight of the lower half of the specimen blank is too heavy to be supported by the thin neck. (After Miller et al. 1996.)...

Interaction of sodium and mercury to form sodium amalgam is violently exothermic, and moderation of the reaction with an inert liquid, or by adding mercury slowly to the sodium is necessary. Even so, temperatures of 400°C may be attained. 

Three-phase reactor systems are ideally suited for methanol production because of the ability to provide intimate contact between the gaseous phase reactants and the solid phase catalysts and to remove the large amounts of heat created by the high heats of reaction. In the three-phase system, an inert liquid phase circulates between the reactor and an external... 

The product obtained during the second reaction, [Cr(en)3]2(S04)3(s), is a solid mass. It has been found advantageous to dissolve ethylenediamine in an inert liquid that has a high boiling point such as toluene. Refluxing this solution while adding solid Cr2(S04)3 slowly gives a finely divided product... 

As demonstrated below, a primary charge viewed as a solvated electron or the molecular ion residing in an inert liquid does not account for experimental observations in many, if not in most, of the systems. While we cannot offer a specific, general model of these exceptional ions, we provide a general introduction to the known properties of such species. Furthermore, we argue that these species comprise the rule rather than the exception. The reader is invited to reach his or her own conclusions. 

As seen from above, the mode of electron trapping in sc CO2 cannot be deduced from the results obtained in the gas phase or matrix isolation studies. It is not obvious whether the solvent radical anion should be similar to multimer cluster anions found in the gas phase, dimer cation(s) in solid matrices, or monomer CO2 anions in inert liquids. Such a situation is typical for other molecular liquids. 

Pipelines to transport solids are called freight pipelines, of which three different types exist pneumatic pipelines, the use of which is known as pneumotransport or pneumatic conveying slurry pipelines, which may also be called hydrotransport or hydraulic conveying and capsule pipelines. When air or inert gas is used to move the solids in the pipeline, the system is called a pneumatic pipeline and often involves a wheeled vehicle inside the pipeline, propelled by air moving through the pipe (25). Slurry pipelines involve the transport of solid particles suspended in water or another inert liquid. Hydraulic capsule pipelines transport solid material within cylindrical containers, using water flow through the pipeline for propulsion. 

The substance is a little discolored when distilled because of slight decomposition which becomes appreciable at 160°-170°C, with the evolution of acetic anhydride. Silicon tetraacetate is vigorously decomposed by water but it dissolves to a moderate extent in inert liquids such as acetone and benzene. With ethyl alcohol it forms ethyl acetate and silicon dioxide as products of alcoholysis. 

Typical heterogeneous Ziegler catalysts operate at temperatures of 70 100°C and pressures of 0.1 2 MPa (15 300 psi). The polymerization reactions are carried out in an inert liquid medium (e.g, hexane, isobutane) or in the gas phase. Molecular weights of LLDPE resins are controlled by using hydrogen as a chain-transfer agent. Reactivities of a-olefins in copolymerization with ethylene depend on two factors the size of the alkyl groups attached to their double bonds and the type of catalyst,... 

Giddens, IEC 39, 1303-9(1947) CA 41, 7110-ll(1947)(Stabilization of NC with ammonia and mechanism of the stabilization process) I74)L.Brissaud, MP 30, 205-9, 217-21(1948) (Nitration of cellulose in mixts diluted with inert liquids action of N02 in nitrating acids on the props of NC) 175)E.Calvet, MSCE 34, 179 93 (l948XNitration of cellulose) 176)J.Chedin A.Tribot, MSCE 34, 277-87(1948)(Nitration of cellulose) 177)H. Campbell P. Johnson, JPolymerSci 3, 735-49(1948). CA 43, 8134 (1949XInteraction betwn NC in soln inorg salts) 178)B.T.Fedoroff W.R.Tomlinson,... 

Evidence for the existence of such equilibria comes from the eight-line spectrum obtained for the parent compound in 4-cyano-4 - -pentylbiphenyl, an inert liquid crystal. Bailey and Yesinowski35 found the only tenable rationalization for the fewer than expected 12-line spectrum was a rapid intramolecular rotation of one chelate ring with respect to the other, amounting to a degenerate cis-trans isomerization. 

An alternative method is to add chlorine to a solution or suspension of tetraethylthiuram disulfide in an inert liquid medium such as carbon tetrachloride. If the quantity and nature of the solvent are such as to dissolve the diethylthiocarbamyl chloride, most of the liberated sulfur can be separated mechanically and the chloride isolated by distillation after evaporation of the solvent. 

Unstable branches on the P(Q) curve and the appearance of hysteresis loops can occur for various reasons usually connected with an increase in viscosity. Thus, a non-monotonic P(Q) curve was first encountered in an analysis of the flow of a hot inert (non-reactive) liquid in a cold tube when the viscosity of the liquid was strongly dependent on temperature.190 The intense dissipative heat output may have been the reason for the instability in the flow of an inert liquid.191 In both cases, the reason for the nonmonotonic in P(Q) dependence was the strong dependence of viscosity on temperature, which is equivalent here to time dependence for viscosity. Detailed investigations of the hysteresis transitions shown in Fig. 4.24 proved that they have a wave character 192 in this case, the transition occurs at a constant flow rate. 

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