Pentachlorophenol mineralization

BrigliaM, RIL Eggen, DJ van Elsas, WM de Vos (1994) Phylogenetic evidence for transferof pentachlorophenol-mineralizing Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-I to the genns Mycobacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 44 494-498. 

The metabolic activity of other white-rot fungi including Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreacus has been discussed in the context of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For example, the mineralization potential of the manganese peroxide system fmmNematolomafrowardii for a number of substrates has been demonstrated (Hofrichter et al. 1998) the formation of CO2 from labeled substrates ranged from 7% (pyrene) to 36% (pentachlorophenol), 42% (2-amino-4, 6-dinitrotoluene), and 49% (catechol). 

Miethling R, Karlson U (1996) Accelerated mineralization of pentachlorophenol in soil upon inoculation with Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum PCPl and Sphingomonas chlorophenolica RA2. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 4361-4366. 

Mikesell MD, S A Boyd (1986) Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 52 861-865. 

Boyd SA, Shaobai S, Lee JF, Mortland MM (1988b) Pentachlorophenol sorption by organo-clays. Clays Clay Miner 36 125-130... 

In the United States, about 80% of the 23 million kg of technical PCP produced annually — or about 46% of worldwide production — is used mainly for wood preservation, especially utility poles (Pignatello etal. 1983 Kinzell etal. 1985 Zischke etal. 1985 Choudhury etal. 1986 Mikesell and Boyd 1986 USPHS 1994). It is the third most heavily used pesticide, preceded only by the herbicides atrazine and alachlor (Kinzell et al. 1981). Pentachlorophenol is a restricted-use pesticide and is no longer available for home use (USPHS 1994). Before it became a restricted-use pesticide, annual environmental releases of PCP from production and use were 0.6 million kg to the atmosphere from wood preservation plants and cooling towers, 0.9 million kg to land from wood preservation use, and 17,000 kg to aquatic ecosystems in runoff waters of wood treatment plants (USPHS 1994). There are about 470 wood preservative facilities in the United States, scattered among 45 states. They are concentrated in the South, Southeast, and Northwest — presumably due to the availability of preferred timber species in those regions (Cirelli 1978). Livestock facilities are often constructed of wood treated with technical PCP about 50% of all dairy farms in Michigan used PCP-treated wood in the construction of various components of livestock facilities (Kinzell et al. 1985). The chemical is usually applied to wood products after dilution to 5% with solvents such as mineral spirits, No. 2 fuel oil, or kerosene. More than 98% of all wood processed is treated with preservative under pressure about 0.23 kg of PCP is needed to preserve 1 cubic foot of wood (Cirelli 1978). Lumber treated with PCP retains its natural appearance, has little or no odor, and can be painted as readily as natural wood (Wood et al. 1983). 

Polin, D., B. Olson, S. Bursian, and E. Lehning. 1986. Enhanced withdrawal from chickens of hexachloroben-zene (HCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by colestipol, mineral oil, and/or restricted feeding. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 19 359-368. 

Pentachlorophenol degraded in anaerobic sludge to 3,4,5-trichlorophenol, which was reduced to 3,5-dichlorophenol (Mikesell and Boyd, 1985). In activated sludge, only 0.2% of the applied amount was mineralized to carbon dioxide after 5 d (Freitag et al., 1985). 

Pettier et al. (1992) studied the sonochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol in aqueous solutions saturated with different gases at 24 °C. Ultrasonic irradiation of solutions saturated with air or oxygen resulted in the liberation of chloride ions and mineralization of the parent compound to carbon dioxide. When the solution was saturated with argon, pentachlorophenol completely degraded to carbon monoxide and chloride ions, in aqueous solution, pentachlorophenol was degraded by ozone at a reaction rate of >3.0 x 10 /M-sec at pH 2.0 (Hoigne and Bader, 1983). 

The wood industry is the major consumer of technical chloro-phenols. In the United States and in Canada it has been assumed that more than Q0% of pentachlorophenol (PCP) is used for wood perservation and wood protection (38,5jJ. PCP dissolved in various solvents (mineral spirits, fuel oil, kerosene and methylene chloride), is the major compound used for wood perservation. This procedure involves the use of pressure and vacuum cycles to obtain deep and optimum retention of the perservative. This process is used to produce a product which will have a long period of service such as railway ties, pilings and hydropoles. 

Edgehill, R. U. (1994). Pentachlorophenol removal from slightly acidic mineral salts, commercial sand, and clay soil by recovered Arthrobacter strain ATCC 33790. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 41, 142-8. 

Lamar, R.T., Glaser, J. A. Kirk, T. K. (1990b). Fate of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in sterile soils inoculated with the white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium. mineralization, volatilization and depletion of PCP. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 4, 433-40. 

Pentachlorophenol, a widely used wood preservative, is considered to be moderately biorefractory with a biodegradation rate constant of 3 x 1012 L/ cell/hr, a log of 5.01, and a vapor pressure of 1.1 x 10-4 mmHg at 20°C. Watts et al. (1990) carried out completely mixed batch tests by treating penta-chlorophenol-contaminated soils with Fenton s reagent. Mineralization of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was studied in commercially available silica sand and two natural soils by removal of parent compound and total organic carbon with corresponding stoichiometric recovery of chloride. The soluble iron concentration decreased over the first 3 hr of treatment, and the concentration remained relatively constant thereafter. A possible mechanism for iron precipitation was proposed as follows ... 

Oturan, M.A., Oturan, N., Lahitte, C. and Trevin, S. (2001) Production of hydroxyl radicals by electrochemically assisted Fenton s reagent Application to the mineralization of an organic micropollutant, pentachlorophenol. J. Electroanal. Chem. 507,96-102. 

A number of phenols, especially chlorinated phenols and certain metal-organic compounds, such as copper naphthenate and phenyl mercury oleate, are effective preservatives. Pentachlorophenol and copper naphthenate are most commonly used, and are carried into the wood in 1-5 percent solutions in petroleum oil. Pentachlorophenol is colorless, and can be applied in clear volatile mineral oils to mill-work and window sash requiring a clean, nonswelling, and paintable treatment. 

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