Pentachlorophenol in soil

Miethling R, Karlson U (1996) Accelerated mineralization of pentachlorophenol in soil upon inoculation with Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum PCPl and Sphingomonas chlorophenolica RA2. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 4361-4366. 

Kaufman, D.D. 1978. Degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil, and by soil microorganisms. Pages 27-39 in K.R. Rao (ed.). Pentachlorophenol Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Environmental Toxicology. Plenum Press, New York. 

Seech, A.G., J.T. Trevors, and T.L. Bulman. 1991. Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in soil the response to physical, chemical, and biological treatments. Canad. Jour. Microbiol. 37 440-444. 

Donaldson, S.G. and Miller, G.C. Transport and photolysis of pentachlorophenol in soils subject to evaporating water. J. Environ. Qual, 26(2) 402-409, 1997. 

Liang, R. McFarland, M. J. (1994). Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in soil amended with the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Materials, 11, 411-21. 

Figure 4. Distribution of lindane and pentachlorophenol in soil following the 30-day test (column I).

J.P. Mapes, K.D. McKenzie, L.R. McClelland, S. Mova-ssaghi, R.A. Reddy, R.L. Allen, S.B. Eriedman, Penta RISC Soil-a Rapid, on-site Screening Test for Pentachlorophenol in Soil , Bm//. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, 49, 334-341 (1992). 

Cassells, N.P., et al., Microtox testing of pentachlorophenol in soil extracts and quantification by capfllary electrochromatography (CEC)—A rapid screening approach for contaminated land, Chemosphere, 40, 609, 2000. 

In a terrestrial ecosystem, the distribution of pentachlorophenol in soil, plant, air and leachate were 65, 9, 25 and 0.3%, respectively (Gile and Gillet, 1979). 

Figure 8.3. Proposed pathway for the degradation of pentachlorophenol in soil. (From Kaufmann, 1978.)...

Megharaj M, Singleton I, McClure NC. 1998. Effect of pentachlorophenol pollution towards microalgae and microbial activities in soil from a former timber processing facility. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 61 108-115. 

Beaudet R, M-J Levesque, R Villemur, M Lanthier, M Chenier, F Lepine, J-G Bisaillon (1998) Anaerobic biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in a contaminated soil inoculated with a methanogenic consortium, or with Desulfitobacterium frappieri PCP-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 50 135-141. 

FIG. 11 Potential difference between two Ag/AgCl electrodes in the stem of a soybean plant 24 h after adding 50 mL of 5 x 10 " M pentachlorophenol to soil. Distance between electrodes was 8 cm. The plants were given water every other day and kept at 24°C. Volume of soil was 0.5 L. (b) and (c) show short time intervals of (a). (From Ref. 19.)... 

Lee, L. S., Rao, P. S. C., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Delfino, J. (1990) Influence of solvent and sorbent characteristics on distribution of pentachlorophenol in octanol-water and soil-water systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 654—661. 

In soils, PCP persisted for 15 to more than 60 days, depending on soil conditions and application rate. At initial concentrations of 100 mg PCP/kg soil, the Tb 1/2 was 10 to 40 days at 30°C under flooded conditions. However, in aerobic soils there was virtually no degradation after 2 months (Kaufman 1978). In rice paddy soils, initial concentrations of 4 mg PCP/kg fell to 2 mg/kg in 7 days (Bevenue and Beckman 1967). Pentachlorophenol was still measurable after 12 months in warm, moist soils (Cote 1972 USEPA 1980). In estuarine sediments, degradation was most rapid under conditions of increased oxygen and a pH of 8.0 (DeLaune et al. 1983). 

Pentachlorophenol applied to beech forest soils every 2 months for 2 years at the rate of 1.0 g/m2 markedly reduced populations of soil organisms. At 5.0 g/m2, it drastically reduced most of the soil animal species and also the microflora (Zietz et al. 1987). Reduction of the soil metabolism by PCP retards decomposition and affects the overall nutrient balance of forest ecosystems (Zietz et al. 1987). Pentachlorophenol is more toxic to earthworms in soils with comparatively low levels of organic materials. The LC50 (14-day) value for Lumbricus rubellus was 1094 mg PCP/kg DW soils with 6.1% organic matter, and 883 mg/kg DW soils with 3.7% organic matter (Van Gestel and Ma 1988). The earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei is more sensitive than Lumbricus rubellus ... 

The higher order derivative spectrophotometric method described by Talsky [33] for the determination of phenols in soils has been used to determine pentachlorophenol. 

Stark [34] has described a gas chromatographic method for the determination of pentachlorophenol as the trimethylsilylether in amounts down to 0.5mg kg 1 in soil. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [36] used a stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique to determine down to O.lppb of pentachlorophenol (also Atrazine, Diazinon and lindane) in soil. Soil samples are extracted with acetone and hexane. Analysis is performed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with mass spectrometer operated in the selected ion monitoring mode. Accuracy greater than 86% and a precision better than 8% were demonstrated by use of spiked samples. 

Metabolites identified in soil beneath a sawmill environment where pentachlorophenol was used as a wood preservative include pentachloroanisole, 2,3,4,6-tetrachloroanisole, tetrachloro-catechol, tetrachlorohydroquinone, 3,4,5-trichlorocatechol, 2,3,6-trichlorohydroquinone, 3,4,6-trichlorocatechol, and 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol (Knuutinen et al., 1990). 

A carbon dioxide yield of 50.0% was achieved when pentachlorophenol adsorbed on silica gel was irradiated with light (X >290 nm) for 17 h (Freitag et al, 1985). In soil, photodegradation was not significant (Baker et al., 1980). 

Beilin, C.A., O Connor, G.A., and Jin, Y. Sorption and degradation of pentachlorophenol in sludge-amended soils, / nvzrorj. 

Weiss, U.M., Scheunert, I., Klein, W., and Korte, F. Fate of pentachlorophenol- C in soil under controlled conditions, J. Agric. Food Chem., 30(6) 1191-1194, 1982. 

Harnly, M.F., Petreas, M.X., Flattery, J. and Goldman, F.R. 2000. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran contamination in soil and home-produced chicken eggs near pentachlorophenol sources. Environmental Science and Technology 34 1143-1149. 

Mahaffey, W. R. Sanford, R. A. (1990). Bioremediation of pentachlorophenol contaminated soil bench scale to full scale implementation. In Gas, Oil, Coal, and Environmental Biotechnology II, ed. C. Akin J. Smith, pp. 117-43, Chicago Institute of Gas Technology. 

Middeldorp, P.J.M., Briglia, M. Salkinoja-Salonen, M. (1990). Biodegradation of pentachlorophenol in natural soil by inoculated Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus. Microbial Ecology, 20, 123-39-... 

Topp, E. Hanson, R.S. (1990b). Factors influencing the survival and activity of a pentachlorophenol-degrading Flavobacterium sp. in soil slurries. CanadianJournal of Soil Science, 70, 83-91. 

Soil. Pentachlorophenol has been the target of biorcmcdiation at a number of wood-treatment facilities, and good success has been achieved in several applications. In situ degradation has been stimulated by bio venting. Just as with the halogenated solvents, it seems that plants stimulate microbial degradation of pentachlorophenol in the rhizosphere. 

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