Soil animals

Kadoum AM. 1968. Cleanup procedure for water, soil, animal, and plant extracts for the use of electron-capture detector in the gas chromatographic analysis of organophosphorus insecticide residues. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 3 247-253. 

H. A. Verhocf and L. Brussaard, Decomposition and nitrogen mineralisation in natural and agroecosystems the contribution of. soil animals. Biogeochemistry II 175 (1990). 

Plants synthesize all the amino acids they require. They do so using as raw material carbohydrates, which they make during photosynthesis, and nitrogen, derived from nitrate ions absorbed from the soil. Animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids required for their regular living, health, and growth. Those they cannot synthesize, known as the essential amino acids, are acquired from plants and/or animals they consume as food. Human beings, for example, acquire nine essential amino acids from their diet. 

Pentachlorophenol applied to beech forest soils every 2 months for 2 years at the rate of 1.0 g/m2 markedly reduced populations of soil organisms. At 5.0 g/m2, it drastically reduced most of the soil animal species and also the microflora (Zietz et al. 1987). Reduction of the soil metabolism by PCP retards decomposition and affects the overall nutrient balance of forest ecosystems (Zietz et al. 1987). Pentachlorophenol is more toxic to earthworms in soils with comparatively low levels of organic materials. The LC50 (14-day) value for Lumbricus rubellus was 1094 mg PCP/kg DW soils with 6.1% organic matter, and 883 mg/kg DW soils with 3.7% organic matter (Van Gestel and Ma 1988). The earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei is more sensitive than Lumbricus rubellus ... 

National Research Council (NRC). 1983. Selenium in Nutrition. Subcomm. on selenium, Comm, animal nutrition, Board on Agricul., Natl. Res. Counc., National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 174 pp. Nielsen, M.G. and G. Gissel-Nielsen. 1975. Selenium in soil-animal relationships. Pedobiologia 15 65-67. Niimi, A.J. and Q.N. LaHam. 1975. Selenium toxicity on the early life stages of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). Jour. Fish. Res. Board Canada 32 803-806. 

System 6. soil-soil solution, air (IV) atmospheric air (III, 27) soil animals (VI) biological reactions of organisms, metabolism, exudates, including microbial exudates (VI) into soils (VI IV) into waters (II, 4b) into air as aerosols... 

The Charm Test was initially applied to the analysis of 3-lactam residues in milk although its application to the analysis of body, fluids, meat extracts, and fermentation broths was indicated. There appears to be no rationale why this basic procedure cannot be applied to all types of matrices (water, soil, animal feeds, premixes). ... 

Soil - Animal fat and grease, carbon black Surface - Metal... 

Verhoef, H. A., and Brussaard, L. (1990). Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in natural and agroecosystems The contribution of soil animals. Biodegradation 11(3), 175-211. 

Interactions also occur with soil animals and Klironomos and Hart (2001) have recently demonstrated that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor can kill the soil micro-arthropod Folsomia Candida, take... 

Maraun, M., Martens, H., Migge, S., Theenhaus, A. Scheu, S. (2003). Adding to the enigma of soil animal diversity fungal feeders and saprophagous soil invertebrates prefer similar food substrates. European Journal of Soil Biology,... 

Cromack, K., Sollins, P., Todd, R. L. et al. (1977). The role of oxalic acid and bicarbonate in calcium cycling by fungi and bacteria some possible implications for soil animals. Ecological Bulletin, 25, 246—52. 

The pathways of radionuclides in ecosystems are illustrated schematically in Fig. 21.2. Plants may take up radionuclides from the air by deposition on the leaves, or from the soil by the roots with water and minerals. In this step, the species of the radionuclides and their solubility are most important. Microorganisms incorporate radionuclides present in water or in the soil. Animals and man may be contaminated by radionuclides from the air (gases, aerosols, dust) by inhalation or deposition on the skin, or by uptake of water and via the food chain by digestion. Animals may also be contaminated by ingestion of contaminated soil particles. 

Figure 9 Early Paleozoic changes in (a) soil differentiation as indicated by clay content (volume percent) and alumina/bases (molar ratio) of the most weathered horizon of calcareous red paleosols (b) soil bioturbation as indicated by proportion of transect in paleosols occupied by roots or burrows (percent) and by measured rooting depth (m) (c) atmospheric CO2 levels (PAL) calculated from a sedimentary mass balance model (d) maximum coal seam thickness and average thickness of at least 10 consecutive seams (m) (e) diameter of fossil plant stems and roots (m) (f) diversity of fossil land plants (number of species) (g) diversity of soil animals (number of families) (Retallack, 1997c) (reproduced from Dinofest, 1997, pp. 345-359).

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