Peanuts oil from

Fats and fatty oils). For the most part, oil is contained in the kernel or embryo of the seed, though it can also occur in the flesh of the ginkgo fmit and in the endosperm of coconut, palm, and pine nuts. Relative amounts of some fatty acids present in a few types of nuts are given in Table 5. Considerable variations in the percentages of fatty acids have also been reported in both pecan and peanut oils from a variety of sources. (Table 6). (For main physical characteristics and the composition of nut oils, see Fats and fatty oils. 

The fatty acid composition of major oil sources is shown in Table 1.1. The oils and fats have been divided according to the predominance of particular fatty acids such as saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated. It is worth mentioning here that the fatty acid composition of particular oils and fats is variable according to the strain and climate e.g. the linoleic acid content of corn oil varies between 35 and 60% and of peanut oil from 20 to 40%. 

The fatty acid composition of peanut oil is greatly influenced by the region in which the peanuts are grown. In contrast to the peanut oils produced in Africa (Senegal or Nigeria), the peanut oils from South America are enriched in linoleic acid (41% vs 25%, w/w see fatty acid composition. Table 14.11) at the expense of oleic acid (37% vs 55%, w/w). The contents of arachidic (20 0), eicosenoic (20 1), behenic (22 0), erucic (22 1) and lignoceric (24 0) acids are characteristic of peanut oil. Their glycerols readily crystallize below 8 °C. 

Examples that fall into the first category include the extraction of natural oils from crushed oil seeds [4, 77-80,153], toxic organic chemicals from soils [81, 82] and hop extracts from hops (see Figure 8.7). This behaviour has also been observed when spices are extracted [83-85] and when alkaloids are extracted from ground seeds [86]. Examples that fall into the second category include the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans [77], lignin from wood [87, 88] and peanut oil from peanuts. 

Eatty acids from commercial fats and oils, such as peanut oil, are extracted with methanolic NaOH and made volatile by derivatizing with a solution of methanol/BE3. Separations are carried out using a capillary 5% phenylmethyl silicone column with MS detection. By searching the associated spectral library students are able to identify the fatty acids present in their sample. Quantitative analysis is by external standards. 

Moving-bed percolation systems are used for extraction from many types of ceUular particles such as seeds, beans, and peanuts (see Nuts). In most of these cases organic solvents are used to extract the oils from the particles. Pre-treatment of the seed or nut is usually necessary to increase the number of ceUs exposed to the solvent by increasing the specific surface by flaking or rolling. The oil-rich solvent (or misceUa) solution often contains a small proportion of fine particles which must be removed, as weU as the oil separated from the solvent after leaching. 

Highly pure / -hexane is used to extract oils from oilseeds such as soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and rapeseed. There has been some use of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-derived solvents such as methylene chloride to extract caffein from coffee beans, though this use is rapidly being supplanted by supercritical water and/or carbon dioxide, which are natural and therefore more acceptable to the pubHc. 

Other than fuel, the largest volume appHcation for hexane is in extraction of oil from seeds, eg, soybeans, cottonseed, safflower seed, peanuts, rapeseed, etc. Hexane has been found ideal for these appHcations because of its high solvency for oil, low boiling point, and low cost. Its narrow boiling range minimises losses, and its low benzene content minimises toxicity. These same properties also make hexane a desirable solvent and reaction medium in the manufacture of polyolefins, synthetic mbbers, and some pharmaceuticals. The solvent serves as catalyst carrier and, in some systems, assists in molecular weight regulation by precipitation of the polymer as it reaches a certain molecular size. However, most solution polymerization processes are fairly old it is likely that those processes will be replaced by more efficient nonsolvent processes in time. 

Partially Defatted Nuts. There is considerable demand for nuts and nut products of reduced fat content. Almond meal and peanut meal are examples of products having low fat content achieved by pressing oil from the nuts and by grinding the cake. Much of the flavor is in the oil defatted nuts are thus less tasty. 

Oil. Most cmde oil obtained from oilseeds is processed further and converted into edible products. Only a small fraction of the total oil from soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, and sunflower seed is used for industrial (nonedible) purposes. 

Many similar hydrocarbon duids such as kerosene and other paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils and vegetable oils such as linseed oil [8001-26-17, com oil, soybean oil [8001-22-7] peanut oil, tall oil [8000-26-4] and castor oil are used as defoamers. Liquid fatty alcohols, acids and esters from other sources and poly(alkylene oxide) derivatives of oils such as ethoxylated rosin oil [68140-17-0] are also used. Organic phosphates (6), such as tributyl phosphate, are valuable defoamers and have particular utiHty in latex paint appHcations. Another important class of hydrocarbon-based defoamer is the acetylenic glycols (7), such as 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol which are widely used in water-based coatings, agricultural chemicals, and other areas where excellent wetting is needed. 

Peanut oil, composition of, 1062 Pedersen, Charles John, 666 Penicillin, discovery of, 824-825 Penicillin V, specific rotation of, 296 stereochemistry of, 321 Penicillium notation, penicillin from. 824... 

Fullerenes were high purity grades (99 + %) from Southern Chemicals LLC. Vegetable oils were commercially available oils from olive, linseed, soybean, sunflower, peanut and castor. A methyl ester of brassica oilseed also was employed. 

Carver is probably best known for his ability to convert plant products into a wealth of useful consumer products. For example, he is credited with producing around 165 different commodities from the sweet potato and some 13 5 compounds from peanut oil. Carver s success with products Ifom these plants, as well as other scientific contributions has been cited as having played a key role in industrial development of the South (Atkins, 1949 Branson, 1955 Ferguson, 1949). Carver also created an Agricultural Experimental Station that focused on discoveries that would benefit the society s most needy (Jenkins, 1984). 

Boron deficiency is particularly prevalent in light-textured soils in which water-soluble borates are gradually leached down the soil profile and become unavailable to plants. Heavier, more loamy soils tend to retain more boron because they contain an abundance of compounds, such as humic acids, that can complex boron. Certain crop types have higher boron requirements and benefit most from supplementation. These include soybeans, cotton, peanuts, oil palm, apples, and almonds. 

Bio-oils. In the 1970s, it was shown that bio-oils from plant extracts such as rubber latex, corn oil, and peanut oil can be converted into a mixture of mainly gasoline and liquid petroleum gas over a ZSM-5 catalyst, at temperatures between 400-500 These bio-oils were investigated as... 

A. Apparatus. Set up a melting point bath equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a source of heat that can be easily regulated. A beaker of 1 to 2 liters capacity about % full of clear peanut oil is recommended. Suspend an accurately standardized total immersion Centigrade thermometer in the bath so that the bulb is not less than 1.5 inches from die bottom of the bath. If the mercury column... 

In a later study by the same laboratory, HDl, undiluted or as a 5% solution in peanut oil, was administered via gavage to male albino ChR-CD rats, in single doses from 12 to 3,400 mg/kg. Animals receiving 3,400, 2,250, and 1,500 mg/kg died within 2-21 hours. Prior to death, these animals developed pallor, cyanosis, slow and deep breathing, and diarrhea. The approximate lethal dose (ALD) in that study was determined to be 1,500 mg/kg (Haskell Laboratory 1961). 

Ncmdrying oils are those which remain permanently greasy or sticky, becoming rancid after a time. Among these oils the most important are olive oil, castor oil from the seeds oF the castor bean plant, rape seed oil, peanut oil. almond oil. used medicinally, and tea seed oil. 

Oishi et al. (1992) compared the results from classical iodometric PV determinations of edible oils and fats to those using a coulometric detector. Results from each technique expressed as meq active oxygen/kg sample, were consistent with one another. Typical results were sesame oil (4.1), corn oil (8.7), cottonseed oil (14.5), rapeseed oil (33.2), peanut oil (30.5), olive oil (17.0), palm oil (8.9), beef tallow (2.5), and lard (35.0). 

Zeman and Scharmann (57) reported the presence of 0.3% nonpolar dimers composed of diunsaturated bicyclic and tetraunsaturated acyclic structures in peanut oil subjected to thermal and oxidative action. Perrin et al. (58) analyzed samples from two different peanut and sunflower oils oxidized by deep fat frying to a stable foam formation. They reported the presence of dimers at levels between 12.1 % and 12.9% of the oxidized mixtures. Peanut oil oxidized by deep fat frying before and after stable foam formation yielded 7.8% and 14% dimers, respectively. Gere et al. (59) reported nonpolar and polar dimeric triglycerides in sunflower oil used in deep fat frying. 

JA Singleton. Enrichment of phospholipids from neutral lipids in peanut oil by high performance liquid chromatography. J Am Oil Chem Soc 70 637-638, 1993. 

FIGURE 6.2 Probucol plasma profiles following oral administration (100 mg/kg) to rats in three different oily vehicles peanut oil (LCT, ), miglyol (MCT, A), or paraffin oil ( ). (From Palin, K.J. and Wilson, C.G., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 36, 641, 1984. With permission.)... 

Table 4.1.25A. Peanut meal expeller (IFN 5-03-649). The ground residual product obtained after extraction of most of the oil from groundnut kernels by a mechanical extraction process. (From CFIA, 2007.) ...

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