Hypothesis formulation

According to the Lindemann-Christiansen hypothesis, formulated independently by both scientists in 1921, all molecules acquire and lose energy by collisions with surrounding molecules. This is expressed in the simplified form of the Lindemann mechanism, in which we use an asterisk to indicate a highly energetic or activated molecule, which has sufficient energy to cross the barrier towards the product side, and M is a molecule from the surroundings M may be from the same type as A ... 

Because of the nature of the scientific method. Metrics is an indispensable tool of scientific research. It can provide rigorous indices of the internal consistency and the predictive power of "accepted knowledge" about study systems. Thus, it can aid with theory testing. It can also provide rigorous indices of the strength of correlations between the attributes of the study system and the external factors that might influence it. Thus, it can assist with statistical hypothesis formulation and testing. 

Reactivity tests were carried out by directly feeding phenylbenzoate, in order to confirm the hypothesis formulated about the reaction network between phenol and benzoic acid. Surprisingly, phenylbenzoate yielded benzoylphenylbenzoate and phenol as the only primary products of reaction, indicating the exclusive presence of the intermolecular mechanism of acylation. Therefore, when a high concentration of phenylbenzoate is adsorbed on the catalyst, the bimolecular mechanism is quicker that the intramolecular one. 

The hypothesis formulated to explain the results shown here considers the nanoribbons as an extremely organised (oriented) hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposite. The size control as well as the isolation of these nanoribbons, which can eventually be done using a polymerisable surfactant, may be feasible for give more information about the composition and the structure of such nanoribbons. 

This behavior supports the hypothesis formulated by Heidingsfeld (9) that the CPVC obtained by heterogeneous unswollen processes besides having molecules whose chlorine atoms are nonuniformly distributed (block copolymers), might also contain, in a different quantity, unaltered PVC. This product behaves similarly to a mixture of the two components (highly chlorinated CPVC and PVC), contrary to the CPVC specimens obtained with the swollen processes which should have a relatively more uniform distribution of the chlorine content on the macromolecules. 

The answer was given in a hypothesis formulated by Salamy and Nixon (1954). They suggested that the anodic reaction (12.69) was accompanied by a cathodic partner reaction, the reduction of 02 ... 

Initially sulphuric acid was considered to act as a dehydrating agent in a nitrating mixture with nitric acid. This view was expressed in the literature for the first time by Spindler [14], The first attempt to elucidate the form of nitric acid in admixture with sulphuric acid was a hypothesis formulated by Markovnikov [15], It assumed that the two acids form a mixed anhydride, i.e. nitrosulphuric acid ... 

Usually, a mathematical model simulates a process behavior, in what can be termed a forward problem. The inverse problem is, given the experimental measurements of behavior, what is the structure A difficult problem, but an important one for the sciences. The inverse problem may be partitioned into the following stages hypothesis formulation, i.e., model specification, definition of the experiments, identifiability, parameter estimation, experiment, and analysis and model checking. Typically, from measured data, nonparametric indices are evaluated in order to reveal the basic features and mechanisms of the underlying processes. Then, based on this information, several structures are assayed for candidate parametric models. Nevertheless, in this book we look only into various aspects of the forward problem given the structure and the parameter values, how does the system behave ... 

An important hypothesis formulated by Heuser was an extension of one suggested much earlier by Anselme Payen, but it was based on firmer experimental data. It stated that, irrespective of source, all celluloses, when freed from other components (or impurities), had one and the same constitution. The various chapters in Heuser s Lehrbmh rested on this assumption. 

These various experiments place beyond doubt the hypothesis formulated by H. Sainte-Claire Deville the eudothermic decompositions which are produced by the passage of a long series of sparks within a gas are due to the high temperature produced by the spark they are likewise confirmations of the principle of the displacement of equilibrium by variation of temperature. 

Another key argument in support of the magma-ocean hypothesis, formulated by various authors in the mid-1970s (most notably Taylor and Jakes,... 

To further underpin the hypothesis formulated for /j-C2P, and p-C2P4 and to be able to separate these two processes discussed above, an excitation energy-... 

Expert systems usually work by first establishing a dialogue with the user via consultation programs. The system requests Information about the problem. If the user does not fully understand the question, the system provides a comprehensible explanation. Once the problem has been solved, the system Indicates the reliability of the solution given. As such a solution is merely a hypothesis formulated to account for the experimental facts observed, the user will accept it only If it Is consistent —particularly if a different solution was expected. 

In view of the hypothesis formulated above, the presence of CAH on membranes of the ER is of particular Interest. This finding suggests that the hydroxylatlon of the cinnsunlc acid tsdces place in the tapetum cells themselves, or that, for example, vesicles originating from the ER reach the extracellular area of the anther loculus and then catalyse the hydroxylatlon either there, or at or in the structures of the exine. The question... 

One-Sided Tests. Frequently, some additional prior information on the considered statistical parameter is available. There may be, for instance, some danger of bias to the true concentration value as a consequence of sample preparation. From the logical background it might be clear, for instance, that the concentration of the analyte is increased if at all. Then, in the above terminology, we know that E x) > c. Endowed with such one-sided information, it is reasonable to test the null hypothesis formulated above with a set A chosen as a one-... 

From the hypothesis formulated by Cordell et al., it might be speculated that epibubbialine (43) is one of the intermediates involved in the biosynthesis of nirurine (45)... 

Inductive reason starts from specific observations or measurements and looks for possible patterns, classes, sets, regularities, hypothesis formulations that one could work with, and finally, moves towards general theory developments with plausible conclusions. The induction leads one to observe a number of specific instances and from which s/he can infer a general principle or a valid law. This reasoning is open-ended and more exploratory at the beginning. 

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