Parvovirus

Parvovirus B-iy Maternal metabolic imbalances Alcoholism Cretinism Diabetes... 

Leishmania spp., Rickettsia, Parvovirus spp., plasmodia and Toxoplasma spp., and prions... 

Pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common), Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia, and viruses (parvovirus B1 9)... 

Clinical features Acute decrease in Hgb with decreased reticulocyte count (usually less than 1%) transient suppression of RBC production in response to bacterial or viral infection, most common being parvovirus B1 9... 

Evalution CBC, reticulocyte count, x-ray, cultures (blood, urine, and throat), parvovirus titers... 

Most patients in aplastic crisis will recover spontaneously. Therefore, treatment is supportive. If anemia is severe or symptomatic, transfusion may be indicated. Infection with human parvovirus B19 is the most common cause of aplastic crisis. Isolate infected patients because parvovirus is highly contagious. Pregnant women should avoid contact with infected patients because midtrimester infection with parvovirus may cause hydrops fetalis and stillbirth.6,27... 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Fig. 8.10 Titers of antibodies at day 50 induced by plant-derived CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally immunized with leaf extract from CTB-2L21 transgenic plants. Animals were boosted at days 21 and 35. Each mouse received 20 pg of CTB-2L21 recombinant protein. Individual samples of mouse serum were titrated against 2L21 synthetic peptide,VP2 protein and a control peptide (amino acids 122-135 of hepatitis B virus surface antigen). Titers were expressed as the highest serum dilution to yield twice the absorbance mean of preimmune sera. M1-M6 mice 1 to 6 2L21 epitope from the VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus CTB cholera toxin B VP2 protein of the canine parvovirus that includes the 2L21 epitope.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope Epitope display on cowpea mosaic virus in cowpea leaf Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenter-ally or nasally. Dogs developed 3L17- and VP2-specific IgG sera neutralized CPV in vitro. Protective against lethal challenge in dogs immunized parenterally. 76, 77... 

Canine parvovirus VP2 epitope Epitope display on plum pox potyvirus in tobacco leaf Mice developed CPV-specific antibodies that showed neutralizing activity. Immunogenic in mice and rabbits when delivered parenterally 78... 

Two studies have involved the fusion of an antigen to P-glucuronidase (GUS). Gil et al. [61] fused GUS to the 2L21 protective epitope from canine parvovirus, and Dus Santos et al. [23] fused GUS to the protective epitope from FMDV. Transformants in both cases were selected on the basis of GUS activity, and both proved to be immunogenic. Mice immunized orally or parenterally with the GUS-FMDV epitope fusion were completely protected against challenge with the native virus. 

Canine parvovirus (CPV) VP2 epitope fused to GUS Arabidopsis leaf Specific antibodies detected and immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally. 61... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis African swine fever, salmonellosis, erysipelas, anticoagulant poisoning, and hemolytic disease of the newborn, porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, pseudorabies, parvovirus, and border disease. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis In pigs Nipah virus, Aujeszky s disease, brucellosis, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus, Classical swine fever, parvovirus. In horses Equine encephalomyelitis (Western, Eastern, and Venezuelan), Rabies, Borna disease, Lead poisoning, Tetanus. 

Vibragen Omega (r-feline interferon omega IFN-co) Virbac Reduction of mortality/clinical symptoms associated with canine parvovirus... 

This chapter reviewed current research pertaining to selected environmental agents and autoimmune diseases (Table 25.3). Other infectious agents (e.g., parvovirus, varicella), occupational exposures (e.g., mercury), dietary factors (dietary supplements, nutrients such as antioxidants, and specific proteins in wheat and other grains implicated in celiac disease), and stress have been the focus of additional research that was not included in this review. 

Figure 2. Atomic force microscopy images showing the surface of a rhesus monkey erythrocyte membrane. Damage, such as formation of humps on the peripheral surface and pits in other parts, results from the interaction with virions of the canine parvovirus, (a) edge of erythrocyte (b) pits on membrane surface. (Source http //www.ntmdt.ru/ publications/download/211.pdf, Reproduced with permission from Dr Boris N. Zaitser)...

Cotmore, S.F., Christensen, J., and Tattersall, P. (2000) Two widely spaced initiator binding sites create an HMGl-dependent parvovirus rolling-hairpin replication origin. J. Virol. 74, 1332-1341. 

Tsao, J., et al. (1992). Structure determination of monoclinic canine parvovirus. Acta Crystallogr. B 48, 75-88. 

Braham, S., J. Gandhi, S. Beard, and B. Cohen. Evaluation of the Roche LightCycler Parvovirus B19 Quantification Kit for the Diagnosis of Parvovirus B19 Infections. Journal of Clinical Virology 31 no. 1 (2004) 5-10. 

Contrary to the case of the parvovirus B19, the general rule is normally to obtain a capsid with a monomer ratio similar to the native virus core or capsid. However if it is intended to incorporate a large number of different viral proteins in the capsid or, at least, to express a large number of proteins, it is generally better to use a dual or even an higher-order vector to ensure that the capsids obtained are native-like. 

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