Partition chromatography applications

Partition Chromatography. - Applications of rotation locular and droplet counter current chromatography (RLCCC and DCCC) to the separation of natural products such as flavonone and stilbene glycosides and steroidal glycoalkaloids have been reponed. ... 

R. -S. Tsai, P.-A. Carrupt, and B. Testa, Measurement of Partition Coefficients Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. Method Development and Application to the Determination of Solute Properties, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 143-154. 

On the basis of results reported in this paper, it would appear that partition chromatography will find other applications in analysis of insecticide formulations. The method possesses a certain degree of specificity in that the partition behavior of the compounds being studied is a characteristic property. 

The principle of solvent extraction—the distribution of chemical species between two immiscible liquid phases—has been applied to many areas of chemistry. A typical one is liquid partition chromatography, where the principle of solvent extraction provides the most efficient separation process available to organic chemistry today its huge application has become a field (and an industry ) of its own. The design of ion selective electrodes is another application of the solvent extraction principle it also has become an independent field. Both these applications are only briefly touched upon in the chapter of this book on analytical applications (Chapter 14), as we consider them outside the scope of... 

Table 13.4 Some Applications of Liquid-Liquid Partition Chromatography (LLPC)... 

Smith, E. (1967). Application of reverse phase partition chromatography to the analysis of testosterone propionate in oil injectables. J. Pharm. Sci., 56(5), 630-634. 

Partition chromatography as described in this section may be applied to two major types of problems (1) identification of unknown samples and (2) isolation of the components of a mixture. The first application is, by far, the more widely used. Paper chromatography and TLC require only a minute sample size, the analysis is fast and inexpensive, and detection is straightforward. Unknown samples are applied to a plate along with appropriate standards, and the chromatogram is developed as a single experiment. In this way any changes in experimental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) affect standards and unknowns to the same extent. It is then possible to compare the Rf values directly. 

SYNGE, RICHARD L. M. (1914-1994). An Irish mathematician and physicist who won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1952 along with Archer J. P. Martin for their invention of partition chromatography. His research was on llie application of mediods of physical chemistry to isolate and analyze proteins, with special attention to antibiotic peptides and higher plants. He received his doctorate from Cambridge. 

Several new phases applied to maltosaccharide analysis that seem to be promising have been described in the literature, for instance, a silica-phase covered with polymeric polyamine resin, and an entirely polymeric resin containing an amide function (35). In any case, partition chromatography is restricted mainly to the utilization of polar-bonded phases, as already described. Nevertheless, there have been a certain number of applications of reversed-phase chromatography that permit relatively simple separations to be achieved. Octadecyl-bonded silica phases are the most widely used, although few applications involve carbohydrate analysis. Their interest lies rather in the analysis of derivated sugars, where the selectivity increases (36). 

Other applications besides purification of biomolecules are affinity partitioning (Labrou, 1994), extractive bioconversions (Andersson, 1990 Kaul, 1991 Zijlstra, 1998), liquid-liquid partition chromatography, and analytical assays. Although industrial applications of aqueous two-phase systems have not gained widespread use to date, practical and economic feasibility has been proved (Tjemeld, 1990 Cunha, 2002). 

I. Lurie, Application of reverse phase ion-pair partition chromatography to drugs of forensic interest, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 60 1035 (1977). 

Besides, distribution law is applicable in deducing the formula of a complex ion, in desilverisation of lead, partition chromatography etc. 

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is another liquid-liquid partition technique applicable to polysaccharides, but in two dimensions. In TLC, the M cutoff boundaries between separated molecules are sharpened, because diffusion is minimized or eliminated in favor of capillary transport. The sample capacity of a TLC plate is in microliters. Resolution is enhanced further at high solvent pressure (Rombouts and Thibault, 1986). 

The recent developments in partition chromatography of sugars on paper have involved the use of some of the reagents mentioned above and their application has been very successful in the spraying of the chromatograms to demonstrate the position of sugars on the paper.56 57 68... 

A direct application of paper partition chromatography to a problem of ribose chemistry was made by Barker and Lock71 who hydrolyzed tetraacetyl-di-D-ribose anhydride (p. 173) and showed by chromatography that only ribose was formed. Other applications of partition chromatography to the sugars have recently been reviewed.72 73... 

Equation 11.15 is applicable to most forms of adsorption and partition chromatography. In the case of adsorption chromatography, the term tds simply represents the average time needed for molecular detachment from the adsorbing surface. Detachment is a straightforward rate process involving the breaking of the ties between surface sites -S and solute molecules M. If this process is represented by... 

Application of Paper Partition Chromatography to the Separation of Sugars and their Methylated Derivatives on a Column of Powdered Cellulose, L. Hough, J. K. N. Jones, and W. H. Wadman, Nature, 162 (1948) 448. 

Chromatographic Analysis. The Application of Partition Chromatography to the Separation of the Sugars and their Derivatives, E. L. Hirst and J. K. N. Jones, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 7 (1949) 268-274. 

A special application of LLC is ion pair partition chromatography. In this procedure, the ionic form of the solute (analyte) is paired with an appropriate counter ion of decreased polarity, e.g. tetra-tertiary-butyl amine. This ion pair is then partitioned between selected mobile and stationary phases to achieve the desired separation. In practice, ion pair chromatography is commonly conducted by utilizing a mobile phase comprised of a miscible aqueous/organic mixture containing a relatively high concentration of counter ion. The technique is applicable to analysis of many types of ionic compounds (10). 

Partition Chromatography. Unlike the other types of chromatography discussed thus far, this type is usually used for analytical (rather than preparative) applications. In addition, this type of chromatography is often performed in a thin-layer (rather than a column) format. The stationary phase in partition chromatography is usually a glass plate (rigid) or polyester sheet (flexible) coated with a very thin layer of the desired adsorbent. For most applications, the adsorbent is a cellulose, silica, polyamine, or aluminum oxide-based matrix. In... 

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