Participant observation

Bowen, D. (2002) Research through participant observation in tourism A creative solution to the measurement of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction (CS/D) among tourists. Journal of Travel Research 41 (1), 4—14. 

If hydrogen becomes a reliable source of energy for cars and other modes of transportation, the overall impact in the United States could be a reduction in the consumption of oil. Participants observed that a reduction in oil consumption could result in a number of benefits ... 

As one participant observed, while the short-term impact of a new technology in terms of benefits may be small, the infrastructure would be in place for a more rapid acceleration of benefits in the future. Companies should focus on finding these niches and exploiting the opportunities they present, the participant stressed. Of course, there may be a disruptive event that changes expectations, and technologies that are in use now may not be those that are in use ten to 20 years from now. 

Before beginning this inquiry into Russians relationships with dachas and nature, I first offer a disclaimer about my own interest in this subject. From an academic perspective, it is a topic I have been cultivating since I began fieldwork in Russia in 1995. Even while working on other projects, I have continued to conduct participant observation (even if inadvertently at times) on dachas and natural spaces. This is also a topic that is very meaningful to me on a personal level. Every time that I have sat down to write... 

One useful meditation technique is to relax, close one s eyes and visualize a landscape with a cave or some kind of entrance into the earth. (One merely sets the scene. The unconscious psyche will provide the rest of the imagery. If done properly one be- comes a participant-observer in a kind of inner movie.) In the imagination one enters the cave and follows it to another landscape, either the upper or the lower world of the Shamanic imaginal realm. There one looks for a power animal which will then lead one to whatever it is that one needs to know. Jung used a process very similar to this and called it "active imagination." In other esoteric traditions the same idea is applied within symbolic parameters specific to each belief system. Kabbalists work with the Tree of Life glyph, for example. Several years ago, a book was published which described a very effective way to use the symbols of the Tarot deck in this way. 8... 

The log section of fieldnotes includes the factual information regarding the date and site of data collection, the type of data collection (covert participant observation, focus group interview, document analysis of student evaluations, etc.), the names of both the research subjects and the researchers collecting the data, and a statement of the purpose of this data collection activity. 

He conducted this research as a participant observer for one year in two chemistry classes at a high school in the midwestem United States. The findings of this research not only include answers to the above questions, but also identify... 

As many market participants observe, the above-mentioned principles are not entirely compatible, and thus create the need to strike the right balance. For example, in the quest to be representative of the market one could sacrifice liquidity of the instruments constituting the index. However, when striking the balance one has to consider that for an index to be used as a benchmark, the ability to buy the constituent instruments is paramount. Hence, we argue that principle 4 is more important than principle 2. 

Contextual techniques emerged in the 1990s as an alternative to both traditional and cognitive techniques. These include the use of ethnographic techniques such as participant observation. They also include eth-nomethodogy and conversation analysis, both of which apply fine-grained analysis to identify patterns in conversation and interaction. 

The idea that modeling and analysis cannot be performed adequately in isolation from the organizational and social context in which any new system will have to operate. This view emphasized the use of contextualized enquiry techniques, including ethnomethodology and participant observation. 

The empirical data for this study is based on two separate research projects and is comprised of participating observations and semi-structured interviews. In the research project completed in 2007, personnel in all functions associated with the asset were interviewed, both onshore and onshore managers, offshore operators within all disciplines on the platform (electro, mechanic, automation, instrument, process, etc.), and onshore discipline experts within the same disciplines. Sixty-nine interviews (including all three shift rotations offshore) were carried out. Fimctions were covered until saturation (Strauss Corbin 1990). Examples of participating observations include being present at different meetings in the collaboration rooms both onshore and offshore, as well as following the maintenance work of the operators in the process plant. 

The research design is a case study including a network analysis, onsite participant observations in 28 canteens, 56 semi structured interviews with canteen managers, chefs and canteen assistants, interview with the hygiene manager and results from a risk identification workshop with participants from executive management as well as district and canteen managers. The study was conducted in three parts ... 

Salmen, L. F. (1987). Listen to people Participant-observer evaluation of development projects. New York Oxford University Press. 

Incorporated with sources of evidence [11] including documents such as agendas, meeting minutes, reports, diaries with archival records, calendars, service records, direct and participant observation, and interviews which may be focused or open ended [7,12,13]. 

Participant observation was undertaken at the beginning of the module, in the course of the project phase and in relation to the final presentation with a semi-standardized observation grid. This contains open categories, incorporating... 

These considerations are, of course, equally valid for an increase of self-efficiency in students and mentees. The results of participant observation and coaching performed during die summer semester 2010 support the quantitative data. They provide the connection to die design of the module and prove, that the construction of the course and student-centered teaching behaviour enable students to act in self-regulated learning (cf table 1). 

Qualitative research involves the use of qualitative data, such as interviews, documents, and participant observation data, to understand and explain social phenomena. In this step, the HELENA researchers were confi onted with a decision to implement a HELENA problem-specific tool for storing and analysing interviews or using commercially available qualitative software tools such as the NVIVO software (see QSR, http //www.qsrintemational.com/products nvivo.aspx). 

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