Drug vehicle

Agrawal, A, K., Singhal, A., and Gupta, C, M. (1987). Functional targeting to erythrocytes in vivo using antibody bearing liposomes as drug vehicles, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 148, 357-361. 

The order of exposure to different doses was either a mixed or an ascending sequence. The drug vehicle was generally examined immediately before or after the series of doses. 

It should be pointed out that cubic phases, such as the one discussed in this work, frequently occur in lipid-water systems (77), and the concept of using cubic phases as drug vehicles is therefore not limited to the use of monoolein only. From a toxicological stand-point, it is tempting to try to use membrane lipids, such as phospholipids, instead of monoolein for parenteral depot preparations (18-20). 

G.S. Kwon, K. Kataoka (1995) Block copolymer micelles as long-circulating drug vehicles. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 16 295... 

The tests, however, are neither qualitative (in the sense of showing which substances can be extracted) nor specifically quantitative since they are conceived to show only the total amount of extractable as a residue. USP (381) Elastomeric Closures for Injection, for example, recommends the calculation of the weight of the residue after evaporating the solvent (purified water, drug vehicle, or isopropyl alcohol) used for extraction. Tests in vivo are recommended only when the material does not meet the requirements of the in vitro tests. 

Pfister, R.R., and N. Burstein. 1976. The effects of ophthalmic drugs, vehicles, and preservatives on corneal epithelium A scanning electron microscope study. Invest Ophthalmol 15 246. 

The pharmacoscintigraphy of a drug vehicle from which the contents can be released via remote signal, has been applied to early drug development in recent years with increasing frequency. 

Occlusion of the skin, seen with application of water-impermeable drug vehicles or patches, alters the rate and extent of toxicant absorption. As the skin hydrates, a threshold is reached where transdermal flux dramatically increases (approximately 80% relative humidity). When the skin becomes fully hydrated under occlusive conditions, flux can be dramatically increased. This occlusive effect must be accounted for when extrapolating toxicology studies conducted under occlusive conditions to field scenarios where the ambient environmental conditions are present. Hydration may also markedly affect the pH of the skin, which varies between 4.2 and 7.3. Therefore, dose alone is often not a sufficient metric to describe topical doses when the method of application and surface area become controlling factors. Dose must be expressed as mg/cm2 of exposed skin. 

Effects of Topical Ocular Drugs, Vehicles, and Preservatives on the Corneal Epithelium of the Rabbit Eye... 

Hardberger R, Hanna C, Boyd CM. Effects of drug vehicles on ocular contact time.Arch Ophthalmol 1975 93 42-45. 

Kwon, G.S. Kataoka, K. Block copolymer micelles as 69. long-circulating drug vehicles. Adv. Drug. Del. Rev. 1995,... 

Burstein NL. Corneal cytotoxicity of topically apphed drugs, vehicles and preservatives. Surv Ophthalmol 1980 25(l) 15-30. 

Soybean oil is widely used intramuscularly as a drug vehicle or as a component of emulsions used in parenteral nutrition regimens it is also consumed as an edible oil. Generally, soybean oil is regarded as an essentially nontoxic and nonirritant material. However, serious adverse reactions to soybean oil emulsions administered parenterally have been reported. These include cases of hypersensitivity, CNS reactions, " and fat embolism. " Interference with the anticoagulant effect of warfarin has also been reported. ... 

Rapid i.v. administration of tetracyclines can result in hypotension and collapse. This has been attributed to intravascular chelation of calcium and/or a decrease in blood pressure owing to the drug vehicle. The i.v. administration of doxycycline to horses causes tachycardia, systemic arterial hypertension, collapse and death. This reaction may be caused by the highly lipid-soluble doxycycline chelating intracellular calcium, resulting in cardiac neuromuscular blockade. 

Gels The use of high-viscosity, water-soluble gel as a drug vehicle will prolong the therapeutic effect and enhance ocular penetration, reducing the frequency of application. However, only a limited number of dmgs are available as gel preparations (e.g. fusidic acid) and their use in equine practice is limited. 

---