Parallel supply chains

Carving out parallel supply chains while preserving the core functional chain... 

Effective assessments will be possible only through close co-operation along the materials supply chain. This approach is, however, of only limited use unless it is taken in parallel with a more realistic assessment of the real potential for exposure of consumers to these substances. The traditional approach is to use a series of worst-case assumptions which, whilst workable for most intentionally added substances, becomes um-ealistically onerous for these traces of non-intentionally added substances. The need for realistic exposure assessment and a description of some of the tools now emerging to facilitate this is covered elsewhere in this book. 

In parallel to this push for extending the borders of chemical process systems engineering to areas that have been traditionally the reserve of industrial engineers, a new concept of supply chemical chain was recently discussed in detail by Grossmann and Westerberg (2000), and in the United States National Academies report by Breslow and Tirrell (2003). The chemical supply chain extends from the molecule level to the whole enterprise. Breslow and Tirrell (2003) suggest that ... 

Consider a supply chain of three levels in series shown in Fig. 3.10. The first and most upstream level (Level 1) has two factories in parallel producing two major products, FI and F2, in full production capacity of 168 h (24 x 7) a week. They both feed a distribution center (DC) in Level 2 and deliver to a common customer in Level 3. Products can also be delivered to the customer by the distribution center. Both factories have no room for finished goods storage and the customer does not want to receive any early deliveries. The medium term planning production timing and quantities that minimizes the total cost of production cost, storage cost, transportation cost, tardiness cost for the whole supply chain over a 4 week time horizon, (the unit of time being one week). The transportation time from any one of the two factories to the DC, firom any one of the two factories to the customer, and from the DC to the customer all transportation times are assumed to be identical and equal to one week. 

During the sustainment phase, the individual agencies want to operate efficiently but may still require assistance such as security info, weather information, sharing of resources, help with breaking up cartels, assistance with persistent problems involving interpretation of laws, and coordination with military. Since many parallel efforts may be in operation, with each agency having its own supply chain processes, it may be appropriate to coordinate by consensus. 

The nature of the supply chain gets complex with the inclusion of more players. Often the chains would contain branches or mergers down the line. Some of the chains could include parallel paths in between and increase the complexity further. The SCM software has to consider all these scenarios. 

Bar coding An automatic identihcation technology that uses parallel dark bars and spaces to represent characters. Bar coding is often an important element in automating the tracking of material in the supply chain. 

The benchmark case is of greater stand-alone interest when the network exhibits complexities such as stochastic demand that is filtered through the inventory policies implemented at the successive echelons, intricate cost structures, lead times, and multiple time periods of activity. This is the theme of the bulk of multi-echelon inventory theory, dating back to the serial supply chain analysis of Clark and Scarf (1960). This literature also considers system architectures that move product from a manufacturer to end customers along, multiple parallel paths, such as a 1-depot N-warehouse network. 

Several options to get authorisations for named patients have been applied in the past and still are in practice in order to maintain the supply chain with the most important medicines. As long as they are classified as IMPs and thus not allowed on the market, patients may be treated in some countries, e.g. Switzerland, in a parallel trial programme or within an extended access. Procedures follow those for compassionate use and requests have to be submitted to the ethical committee as well. A parallel trial programme will always require Ethical Approval and would therefore be a Clinical trial in the UK. Single cases different from compassionate use have to be authorised but do not need an ethical committee approval. 

Hahn GJ, Packowski J (2015) A perspective on applications of in-memory analytics in supply chain management. Decis Supptut Syst 53 591-598 Kampars J, Grabis J (2011) An approach to parallelization of remote data integration tasks. Sci Proc RTU Computer Sci 49 24—30... 

Supply chain management projects should focus on trying to change the nature of connections with collaborators from transaction-oriented to relation-oriented. In parallel there is a need to share... 

The competencies are needed for different areas of the company. The most important aspect is the company itself, where internal synchronization and interdisciplinary transparency of processes can be reached with the help of business process competencies. Furthermore, there are suppliers, customers as well as the supply chain manager, who are all responsible for managing competencies, as seen in Fig. 8.10. Suppliers require co-operational competencies, as well as customer competencies. The supply chain manager needs to establish social, conflictual, motivational and leadership competencies in order to successfully lead the supply chain. The competencies are closely related to one another, which means that they cannot be developed independently of each other, but only in parallel. The systematic development of process supporting competencies is one of the core elements (Pfohl 2009). 

Tencel is a market-led company with a market-facing brand and prides itself on its understanding of customers through the supply chain. The company partners with key consumer brands and labels to reinforce a brand s commitment to its own ultimate consumer. The company reinforces its supply chain parmers by paralleling their marketing efforts to optimum effect. 

New product review (Step 1) Many companies follow parallel projects related to the new products in R D, Marketing and Operations. The purpose of this review process in Step 1 is to review the different objectives of various departments at the beginning of the month and resolve new product related assumptions and issues. The issues raised will impact upon the demand plan and the supply chain at a later stage of the process. 

This discussion is decidedly oriented to tiie manufacturing and distribu-bon of products. Most supply chain systems have their roots in these industries. However, we believe there are parallel systems in the service sector and that tile lessons learned for manufactured goods are transferable. 

In Phase 2, detail design and parallel pilot implementation proceed concurrently. It is at this point that detail documentation, which can be substantial, is prepared. Concurrently, solutions are tested in actual application. At this time, we recommend implementing changes in the organization structure to support the new supply chain design. 

In our study, we focus on four real and tangible transportation modes which are commonly encountered within chemical supply chain inland waterways (/ = 1), road transport (/ = 2), railway (/= 3), and pipeline (/= 4). Considering the system structure of the different transport modes, we assume that road i = 2) and pipeline (/ = 4) have a parallel structure, whereas inland waterways (/ = 1) and railway (/ = 3) have a serial structure. ... 

Figure 3. Reliability structures on the example of of supply chains storage facilities (OM) in the system a) series, b) parallel, c) series-parallel, d) parallel-series. 

On the third and fourth level supply chain by SCOR model can be seen small, but more detailed metrics for the evaluation of these measures. It is possible to calculate the level of reliability in each loop chain wide variety of pre-selected time periods. In order to measure the speed of the reliability of the entire supply chain in a certain period of time (Haj 2002) proposes that the first step is to determine the type of supply chain, which can be placed in one of five possible structures of reliability (Fig. 3), i.e., serial, parallel, series-parallel or a parallel—serial, and then, on the basis of a formula related reliability of the system, it is possible to calculate the reliability of the whole system during that period. 

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