Paper manufacturing, chemicals used sodium hydroxide

The products of the chlor-alkali process are all useful. Sodium hydroxide is used to make soaps and detergents. It is widely used as a base in many other industrial chemical reactions, as well. The hydrogen produced by the chlor-alkali process is used as a fuel. Chlorine has many uses besides water treatment. For example, chlorine is used as a bleach in the pulp and paper industry. Chlorine is also used in the manufacture of chlorinated organic compounds, such as the common plastic polyvinyl chloride (PVC). 

Table 6.2 shows the important applications of sodium hydroxide. Direct applications can be further broken down into pulp and paper (24%), soaps and detergents (10%), alumina (6%), petroleum (7%), textiles (5%), water treatment (5%), and miscellaneous (43%). Organic chemicals manufactured with sodium hydroxide are propylene oxide (23%), polycarbonate (5%), ethyleneamines (3%), epoxy resins (3%), and miscellaneous (66%). Inorganic chemicals manufactured are sodium and calcium hypochlorite (24%), sodium cyanide (10%), sulfur compounds (14%), and miscellaneous (52%). As you can see from the number of applications listed, and still the high percentages of miscellaneous uses, sodium hydroxide has a very diverse use profile. It is the chief industrial alkali. 

The most important industrial alkalis are the weak alkali ammonia (Section 9.3), caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), and lime (calcium oxide).1-6 For many industrial and agricultural purposes, the most economical source of alkali is lime, which is used in steelmaking and other metallurgical operations ( 45% of U.S. production of lime), in control of air pollution from smokestack gases (Chapter 8), in water and sewage treatment (Sections 9.6 and 14.5), in pulp and paper production (Section 10.4), in reduction of soil acidity, in cement and concrete manufacture (indirectly, as discussed later), and in many chemical processes such as paper making (Section 10.4). In short, lime is one of the most important of all chemical commodities. 

Bases are characterized by their bitter taste and slippery feel. Interestingly, bases themselves are not slippery. Rather, they cause skin oils to transform into slippery solutions of soap. Most commercial preparations for unclogging drains are composed of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (also known as lye), which is extremely basic and hazardous when concentrated. Bases are also heavily used in industry. Each year in the United States about 25 billion pounds of sodium hydroxide is manufactured for use in the production of various chemicals and in the pulp and paper industry. Solutions containing bases are often called alkaline, a term derived from the Arabic word for ashes (al-qali), a term we met in Section... 

Production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride is the basis of the chlor-alkali industry, a business that generates annual sales of approximately 4 billion in the United States alone. Both chlorine and sodium hydroxide rank among the top 10 chemicals in terms of production Annual output of each in the United States is 11-12 million tons. Chlorine is used in water and sewage treatment and in the manufacture of plastics such as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Sodium hydroxide is employed in making paper, textiles, soaps, and detergents. 

More than a million tons of sodium hydroxide are produced annually in the United States. This chemical is used in the manufacture of rayon and other textiles, pulp and paper, in the refining of petroleum and vegetable oils, in reclaiming used rubber, and in the production of a wide variety of other chemicals. 

Sodium hydroxide has diverse uses and is a reactant in organic and inorganic chemical manufacturing processes. It is also used in the petroleum, pulp and paper, textile, and alumina industries. 

Sodium hydroxide has many different uses in the chemical industry. Considerable amounts are used in the manufacture of paper and to make sodium hypochlorite for use in disinfectants and bleaches. Chlorine is also used to produce vinyl chloride, the starting material for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and in water purification. Hydrochloric acid may be prepared by the direct reaction of chlorine and hydrogen gas or by the reaction of sodium chloride and sulfuric acid. It is used as a chlorinating agent for metals and organic compounds. 

Like acids, bases have numerous uses in the home and in chemical industries. Nearly 5000 years ago, in the Middle East, the Babylonians made soap using the bases in wood ash. Today, one of Canada s most important industries, the pulp and paper industry, uses huge quantities of a base called sodium hydroxide. Sodium hydroxide is also used to manufacture soaps, detergents, dyes, and many other compounds. 

Calcium carbonate is insoluble, and precipitates out during this reaction, leaving the sodium hydroxide in solution. Sodium hydroxide is a useful laboratory reagent and a very important industrial chemical. It is used in industry in the manufacture of soap, the refining of petroleum, and the manufacture of paper, textiles, rayon and cellulose film, and many other products. 

Many acids, bases, and salts occur in nature and serve a wide variety of purposes. For instance, your digestive juice contains approximately 0.10 mole of hydrochloric acid per liter. Human blood and the aqueous components of most cells are mildly acidic. The liquid in your car battery is approximately 40% H2SO4 by mass. Baking soda is a salt of carbonic acid. Sodium hydroxide, a base, is used in the manufacture of soaps, paper, and many other chemicals. Drano is solid NaOH that contains some aluminum chips. Sodium chloride is used to season food and as a food preservative. Calcium chloride is used to melt ice on... 

Paper A reaction occurs when sulfurous acid (H2SO3) is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. The reaction produces aqueous sodium sulfite, a chemical used in manufacturing paper. Write the chemical and net ionic equations for the reaction. 

Production of sodium hydroxide is measured in millions of tonnes (metric ton). Approximately 80 percent of the material produced is used by the chemical and paper industries. It is also heavily used in soap making and as a catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel fuel. 

The majority of the chlorine produced is used internally within the chemical industry for the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, propylene oxide, etc, (Table 3.1), Hence, it is common to find chlor-alkali plants as part of very large, integrated chemical complexes and the capacity of such plants may be 0,5 x 10 tons Ci2/yean On the other hand, concern about the transport and storage of liquid chlorine has led to a different trend towards smaller plants sited close to the user This is particularly attractive when there is an almost balanced requirement for both chlorine and sodium hydroxide, e.g. in pulp and paper mills (Table 3,1). A typical plant in this application may have a capacity of 10 ions Cl2/year, On an even smaller scale, the same concerns lead to a need for plants, for example, to provide Cl to prevent biological growth on... 

Acids and bases have many uses in the chemical industry. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is the world s most widely produced chemical. It is used to produce fertilizers and plastics, to manufacture detergents, and to conduct electricity in lead-acid storage batteries for automobiles. The base sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is used in the production of pulp and paper, in the manufacture of soaps, in the textile industries, and in the manufacture of glass. 

CHEMICAL INDUSTRY. Much of the salt is utilized in the manufacture of other chemicals. By passing an electric current through salt—electrolysis—it can be broken up into sodium metal and chlorine gas. The sodium can be used as a catalyst, or it can combine with other elements to form new chemicals such as sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and lye (sodium hydroxide). The chlorine formed by electrolysis can also be used to make other chemicals, or it can be employed in bleaching paper and textiles, or in disinfecting... 

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