Small population

Application of pesticides Approximately 100 eaneers armually small population exposed but higli individual risks. 

Mining Waste Estimated 10-20 eaneers aiuiually, largely due to arsenie. Remote loeations and small population exposure reduee overall risk though individual risk may be high. 

Genetic drift is alteration of allele frequencies in small populations by chance events. During times when large populations are reduced to small numbers of individuals, genetic variation is likely to be lost by chance. Genetic drift also occurs when a small number of individuals colonize a new region. The pioneers are unlikely to have all the alleles found in the source population and the frequencies of the ones they do have are likely to differ from those in the source population. 

Figure 16-1 is a master-variable diagram corresponding approximately to the previous clean marine case, illustrating that HC03 derived from CO2 is only important at pH > 7, and that at equilibrium H", NH4, and SO4- are the dominant species. Figure 16-2 extends this approach to the small population of droplets without any SO - in them that are nucleated on particles of seasalt that is present. In this case, pH = 6.7 and the dominant cation is seawater "alkalinity" or Ak (alkalinity in seasalt is the sum of cation concentration due to dissolved... 

The heart of a light-emitting diode is a junction between a p-type semiconductor and an n-tyqje semiconductor. The different semiconductor types have different electron populations in their bands. The lower-energy band of a p semiconductor is deficient in electrons, while the upper-energy band of an n semiconductor has a small population of electrons. The band structure in the junction region is shown schematically in the figure below. 

The malignant lymphomas are hematologic cancers that consist of a cluster of diseases of the lymphoid tissue. The primary malignant cells for lymphomas are lymphocytes of B-cell, T-cell, and NK-cell origin. These cells originate from a small population of... 

Marttila et al. (1995) also examined the relationship between daily exposure to malodorous sulfur compounds (measured as total reduced sulfur [TRS]) from pulp production and experience of symptoms in a small population living in the vicinity of a pulp mill. The major components of the malodorous sulfur compounds are hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and methyl sulfides. This work was initiated due to the observation that an unusually high short-term exposure to malodorous sulfur compounds (maximum 4-hour concentrations of hydrogen sulfide at 135 g/m3 [96 ppb]) led to a considerable increase in the occurrence of ocular, respiratory, and neuropsychological symptoms (Haahtela et al. 

While this qualifies as a small population-effect, the normal variability of individual susceptibility means that there may be a larger IQ deficit in particularly vulnerable individuals. 

Phase I The preliminary studies in humans are designed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and the acute toxicity/tolerability of the potential dmg. Usually, phase I studies are carried out in a very small population [15—40] of healthy male volunteers. Thus, the nature of the population tested and the small number of individuals involved limits the scope of pharmacogenomics to the study of genetic variability in drug metabolism. 

Ta 2S Acc Acc s.e. (acceptor) s.e. in acceptor channel at l x this signal derives from the small population of cross-excited donors that leads to FRET... 

This threshold prevents basis functions with small population (which are only negligibly contributing to the nuclear wavefunction in any case) from giving rise to new basis functions. The ideal of Fmin = 0 is usually computationally wasteful, leading to many unpopulated basis functions. However, it is also important to note that the uncertainty in branching ratios incurred by finite Fnun is dependent on the average population of a basis function in the wavepacket. Second, it... 

Because the theoretical excess lifetime cancer risk for dimethylhydrazines was estimated from nonverified potency estimates and because AEGLs are applicable to rare events or single, once-in-a-lifetime exposures in a limited geographic area with a small population, the AEGL values based on noncarcinogenic endpoints were considered to be more appropriate. 

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