Learning difficulties

This argumentation was strongly attacked by Aristotle who said that water can also move and flow without observable empty spaces in it. Maybe Aristotle simply overestimated the size of atoms as thought by Leukipp and Demokrit (Home, 1975). To justify his denial of empty spaces between atoms, one student said Well, you can t see open spaces in water (Lee et al., 1993, p. 257). Such misleading ideas about the size of atoms and particles are reported for students, too (e.g. Lee et al., 1993). Hence, learning difficulties can be explained by this frame When expecting that particles should be observable but no such particles can be seen, why should a learner believe in the existence of atoms ... 

Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception. The Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception (FROST) measures the development of perceptual skills in children from four to eight years of age or in older children with learning difficulties. It may be administered individually (requires 30-45 minutes) or to groups (requires 40-60 minutes). 

Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PH) which requires tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor, is defective in cases of phenylketonuria (PKU). This is a rare (prevalence 1 / 15 000 in the United Kingdom) genetic condition characterized by fair complexion, learning difficulties and mental impairment. If PH is either not present in the hepatocytes or is unable to bind BH4 and is therefore non functional, phenylalanine accumulates within the cells. Enzymes in minor pathways which are normally not very active metabolize phenylalanine ultimately to phenylpyruvate (i.e. a phenylketone). To use the traffic flow analogy introduced in Chapter 1, the main road is blocked so vehicles are forced along side roads. Phenylpyruvate is excreted in the urine (phenyl-ketone-uria), where it may be detected but a confirmatory blood test is required for a reliable diagnosis of PKU to be made. 

Finally, patients with schizophrenia also experience a variety of intellectual or cognitive problems. This includes poor memory, poor attention, and learning difficulties. 

Absorption intestine (50% children, 10% adults), inhalation Sensitive individuals fetus, children, and women of childbearing age Toxicity/symptoms developmental and nervous system, lowered IQ, memory and learning difficulties, behavioral problems Regulatory facts air - 0.5 mg/m3, drinking water 15 jo.g/1, not allowed in paint or automobile gasoline... 

The principles of toxicology, dose - response and individual sensitivity, are well illustrated by the metals. Historically, most of the interest and concern was with the obvious effects of metal toxicity such as colic from lead or symptoms of the Mad Hatter from mercury. The emphasis has changed to the more subtle and long-term effects and concern for potentially sensitive individuals. It is now well documented that children exposed to even low levels of lead will have a lowered IQ and other learning difficulties. This knowledge has resulted in significant changes in our use of metals. 

Looking at thermodynamics from the physical chemistry perspective, students at the high school and college levels experience difficulties with fundamental concepts in chemical equilibrium and thermodynamics (61). Thomas and Schwenz (62) found that physical chemistry students still have difficulties with the above concepts, which may continue through their professional careers. Both students and lecturers in the SOzbilir study (52) (see above) assumed the abstract nature of thermodynamics concepts as a cause of learning difficulties. 

Ozkaya (76) studied conceptual difficulties experienced by prospective teachers in a number of electrochemical concepts, namely half-cell potential, cell potential, and chemical and electrochemical equilibrium in galvanic cells. The study identified common misconceptions among student teachers from different countries and different levels of electrochemistry. Misconceptions were also identified in relation to chemical equilibrium, electrochemical equilibrium, and the instrumental requirements for die measurement of cell potentials. Learning difficulties were attributed mainly to failure of students to acquire adequate conceptual understanding, and the insufficient explanation of the relevant... 

Since the Kidney-Qi and essence determine the development of the body, the method of tonifying the Kidney plays an important role in the treatment of retardation in children, menstruation disorders and learning difficulties in young people, infertility and menopause syndrome in adults, and declining function in the elderly. 

Figure 8.3 The labor costs for synthesis techniques are also often overlooked. The complexity and expense of developing sounds for various synthesis techniques varies widely. User learning difficulty can thwart acceptance of a promising new synthesis technique, and development costs and risks can stiffle a company s desire to commercialize a new technique. These hidden costs often dominate the success or failure of a synthesis technique in the market place, rather than the expressive power of the technique.

Similarly, persistent sleep problems have also been associated with learning difficulties throughout the elementary-high-school years (116). Studies of excessive sleepiness in children and adolescents due to DSPS, narcolepsy, or sleep apnea have also reported negative effects on learning, school performance, and behavior (117-119). Students who get more sleep and maintain more consistent school/weekend sleep schedules may obtain better grades because of their ability to remain alert and to pay greater attention in class and on homework. 

Quine L. Severity of sleep problems in children with severe learning difficulties description and correlates. J Commun Appl Soc Psychol 1992 2(4) 247-268. 

Phenobarbitone is the oldest anticonvulsant in common use but suffers from a high incidence of behavioural and cognitive effects, particularly in children. While tolerance may develop to the sedative effects of the drug, high blood levels are associated with a measurable deterioration in motor performance, and learning difficulties are likely to occur in children as a... 

Marijuana is a mixture of dried flowers and leaves from the plant Cannabis sativa. It is known by other names such as weed, pot, herb, Mary Jane, boom, gangster, and chronic. People use marijuana in the form of cigarette or in pipes. It also is often mixed with foods or brewed tea. Marijuana use affects the CNS as observed with memory and learning, difficulty in thinking, loss of coordination, increased heart rate, and anxiety. 

An alternative therapeutic strategy has focused on improving cognitive features of HD, and the effect of this treatment on gene expression has been studied [76], R6/2 mice were treated from 5 weeks old, when they exhibit spatial learning difficulties, with a cocktail of tacrine (an acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, which results in a global increase of brain acetylcholine levels), moclobemide (an antidepressant that inhibits monoamine oxidase A and... 

The presence of an associated neurological deficit or learning difficulty — control is often difficult. 

Tareen KI, Bashir A, Saeed K, Hussain T. Clinical efficacy of codergocrine mesylate in children with learning difficulties. J Int Med Res 1988 16(3) 204-9. 

Sweller J (1994) Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learn Inst, 4 295-312... 

I Anterograde amnesia patients may experience difficulty in learning new material for a couple of months after treatment. This effect is transient, and may be of less significance than the anterograde learning difficulties seen in untreated depressive disorder. 

Mitchell, A.C., Kellington, S.H. Learning difficulties associated with particulate theory of matter in the Scottish Integrated Science Course. European Journal of Science Education 4 (1982), 429... 

Cohen GJ, Ahrens WE Chronic lead poisoning a review of seven years experience at the Children s Hospital, District of Columbia. J Pediatr 54 271-284,1959 Conaway MR, Watemaux C, Allred E, et al Pre-natal blood lead levels and learning difficulties in children an analysis of non-randomly missing categorical data. Stat Med 11 799-811, 1992... 

As the number of layers increases, while the layers are not clearly distinguished, serious learning problems are inevitable. These have been discussed by Schmidt (1991 1999), who has extensively studied learning difficulties concerning the concept of neutralisation. The author has mentioned that a majority of students are misled by the shift of meaning of the term neutralisation that has taken place over the years. Neutralisation used to be defined as a reaction between an acid and a base which consume each other, while nowadays very often this term is considered as a proton transfer reaction, producing water. 

The chapter starts with a brief introduction on the historical development of chemical equilibrium. On the basis of this historical analysis, the ways in which chemical equilibrium has been, and is, taught in curricula for secondary and higher education is then addressed. This curricular analysis provides a framework for the discussion of the teaching and learning of chemical equilibrium. A review is presented of learning difficulties associated with chemical equilibrium, followed by an overview of teaching... 

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