Pantothenic acid distribution

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in food and because of the lack of conclusive evidence regarding quantitative needs, a recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for pantothenic acid has not been estabUshed. In 1989, the Food and Nutrition Board of the United States National Research Council suggested a safe intake of 4—7 mg/d for adults. The provisional allowance for infants is 2—3 mg daily (90). 

Pantothenic acid is found in extracts from nearly all plants, bacteria, and animals, and the name derives from the Greek pantos, meaning everywhere. It is required in the diet of all vertebrates, but some microorganisms produce it in the rumens of animals such as cattle and sheep. This vitamin is widely distributed in foods common to the human diet, and deficiencies are only observed in cases of severe malnutrition. The eminent German-born biochemist Fritz Lipmann was the first to show that a coenzyme was required to facilitate biological acetylation reactions. (The A in... 

The assay for pantothenic acid in whole blood, serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid is described here. Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC No. 8014 (formerly L. arabinosus) is used for the assay. The basal medium for assay (Table 2) is made up in double strength 2.5-ml portions of the medium are distributed into 10-ml borosilicate micro-Fembach flasks provided with aluminum caps (H18). Solutions to be assayed are added and distilled water used to bring the volume to 5 ml. The techniques for maintenance and assay are the same as those for L. casei (B12). Full growth at 37° takes 3 days. 

ATP and magnesium were required for the activation of acetate. Acetylations were inhibited by mercuric chloride suggesting an SH group was involved in the reaction either on the enzyme or, like lipoic acid, as a cofactor. Experiments from Lipmann s laboratory then demonstrated that a relatively heat-stable coenzyme was needed—a coenzyme for acetylation—coenzyme A (1945). The thiol-dependence appeared to be associated with the coenzyme. There was also a strong correlation between active coenzyme preparations and the presence in them of pantothenic acid—a widely distributed molecule which was a growth factor for some microorganisms and which, by 1942-1943, had been shown to be required for the oxidation of pyruvate. 

No datahavebeen reported on pantothenic acid or panthenol toxicity in humans [417]. Pantothenic acid is widely distributed among foods, especially in yeast and organ meat. It is usually present in the bound form (CoA), thereby it requires an enzymatic treatment for the analysis of the total contents. 

Pantothenic acid is traditionally considered to be vitamin B substance. It is widely distributed in meat, legume and whole grain cereals, egg, milk, vegetables and fruit. 

Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, which functions in the transfer of acyl groups (Figure 28.17). Coenzyme A contains a thiol group that carries acyl compounds as activated thiol esters. Examples of such structures are succinyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA, and acetyl CoA. Pantothenic acid is also a component of fatty acid synthase (see p. 182). Eggs, liver, and yeast are the most important sources of pan tothenic acid, although the vitamin is widely distributed. Pantothenic acid deficiency is not well characterized in humans, and no RDA has been established. 

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) (Figure 2.28) is a very widely distributed water-soluble vitamin, though yeast, liver, and cereals provide rich sources. Even though animals must obtain the vitamin through the diet, pantothenic acid deficiency is rare, since most foods provide... 

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in all foodstuffs. The name is derived from the Greek for from everywhere, as opposed to other vitamins that were originally isolated from individual rich sources. 

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in foods, and because it is absorbed throughout the small intestine, it is likely that intestinal bacterial synthesis also makes a contribution to pantothenic acid nutrition. As a result, deficiency has not been unequivocaUyreportedinhumanbeings except in specific depletion studies, which have also frequently used the antagonist < -methyl pantothenic acid. 

Deficiency of pantothenic acid is extremely rare due to its widespread distribution in whole-grain cereals, legumes and meat. 

Some itamirLS are water soluble, while others are fat soluble. This classification is valuable as it indicates whether the vitamin is likely to be absorbed similarly to lipids or like other water-soluble nutrients. The fat-soluble vitamins are A, D, E, and K. The water-soluble vitamins arc ascorbic acid, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, vitamin B i, and vitamin B 2. The classification is also valuable, as it helps chemists decide on the best way to extract and analyze a particular vitamin in foods and biological tissues. Aside from having some bearing on the path ways of absorption and distribution throughout the body, the question of whether a particular vitamin is fat soluble or water soluble has little or no relevance to its function in the body. 

Pantothenic acid and its derivatives are readily absorbed and widely distributed. The highest concentrations arc found in the liver, adrenal glands, heart, and kidneys. Pantothenic acid apparently undergoes little if any metabolism the amount eliminated approximates the amount consumed. About 70% of a dose is eliminated unchanged in the urine, and the remainder is eliminated in the feces. 

P-alanine (3-aminopropanoic acid) is an amino acid widely distributed in plants, including algae, fungi and many higher plants. It is a residue present in pantothenic acid (a... 

In 1936, a growth-promoting factor termed vitamin B was isolated from bovine (cow) milk. There are now several different types of vitamin B known and chemically characterized, and they are collectively described as B complex vitamins because of relative similarities in their properties, physiological functions, and distribution in natural resources. Mostly recognized as coenzymes, the eight B complex vitamins currently include Bj (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), niacin (nicotinamide), B (pyridoxine), pantothenic acid, biotin, B22 (cyanocobalamin), and folacin (folic acid). 

Pantothenic acid Al F 5 mg M 5 mg Wide distribution in foods, especially animal tissues whole grain cereals legumes Irritability and restlessness fatigue, apathy, malaise gastiointestinal symptoms neurological symptoms... 

Sources. Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in plant and animal food sources, where it occurs in both bound and free forms. Rich sources of the vitamin include organ meats (liver, kidney), egg... 

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in both plant and animal cells, occurring both in the free and conjugated form. One cannot discuss the relation of adrenocortical function to pantothenic acid without first considering the role of pantothenic acid in intermediary metabolism. 

In the course of studying the distribution of pantothenic acid, it was soon observed that most of the pantothenate in tissues occurred in combined form. In 1947 Lipmann et ah reported that pantothenic acid was present in coenzyme A, a soluble cofactor required for the acetylation of sulfanilamide (Lipmann and Kaplan, 1946) and for the formation of... 

The purification of pantothenic acid in the form of its calcium salt was eventually accomplished only, however, to the extent of obtaining about 10 mg of material of estimated 90% purity and larger amounts of material with less potency . Autolyzed beef liver was the source material and a prominent procedure involved a fractional distribution of brucine salts between water and chloroform. The extremely hydrophilic nature of the active compound was a serious drawback in its isolation even the brucine salt was a thousand times more soluble in water than in chloroform. 

While the apparently ubiquitous occurrence of pantothenic acid was a striking fact in 1933, this is not now regarded so, because many other chemical substances, notably other B vitamins, are also widely distributed in many diverse forms of life. The widespread occurrence of pantothenic acid has led... 

This essential compound is universally distributed. It is formed by the joining of adenosine-3, 5-diphosphate, pantothenic acid-4 -phosphate and thioethanolamine (cysteamine). 

The vitamin B complex contains a number of factors which are closely associated in their distribution in nature and have related functions in intermediate metabolism. Of the eleven factors which are available in pure form, five have been shown to be constituents of coenzymes, namely, thiamine, riboflavin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid. It seems likely that other B vitamins may be found to function in a similar manner. Two members of the B complex, choline and inositol, appear to have lipotropic activity, and two others, folic acid and vitamin B12, have antianemic properties. Deficiency of vitamins of the B complex is one of the most frequently encountered syndromes of malnutrition in man. 

Although pantothenic acid and coenzyme A are undoubtedly important in nutrition in man as well as in animals, no evidence of human pantothenic acid deficiency has been recorded. The wide distribution of pantothenic acid in food may explain this failure to observe deficiency even on restricted diets. The human requirement is unknown but probably is not above 5 mg. dailyIn dogs, the need is similar to that for thiamine and ribofiavin. 

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