Palm fractionation

With its development, HPLC was found to be useful in many authenticity determinations, either for the same or different components to those detected by GC. Triglycerides were the most immediate application. With the exception of milk fat, now that the major components of commercial fats can be completely separated by HPLC, the patterns of components can be analysed to detect adulteration. Cocoa butter adulteration with palm fractions can be detected by the presence of excess monounsaturated and diunsaturated components from the palm fraction, while more sophisticated products may be detected by measuring dipalmitoyl-monooleoyl glycerol (POP), palmitoyl-oleoyl-stearoyl glycerol (POS) and distearoyl-monooleoyl glycerol (SOS) components. In other oils, apart from the pattern of components, the presence of any significant level of... 

This liquid crystalline stmcture has also been observed in the CB fractions characterized above as well as in palm and palm fractions. All these fats are monounsaturated TAG rich. Then taking into account the relative scattering and diffraction intensity variations between the different fractions, it is proposed that the sharp lines originate from a P organization of the saturated chains while the unsaturated ones are left outside of the structure giving a scattering pattern more intense but comparable to that of the liquid TAG (1). 

Cocoa butter substitutes and equivalents differ greatly with respect to their method of manufacture, source of fats, and functionaHty they are produced by several physical and chemical processes (17,18). Cocoa butter substitutes are produced from lauric acid fats such as coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils by fractionation and hydrogenation from domestic fats such as soy, com, and cotton seed oils by selective hydrogenation or from palm kernel stearines by fractionation. Cocoa butter equivalents can be produced from palm kernel oil and other specialty fats such as shea and ilHpe by fractional crystallization from glycerol and selected fatty acids by direct chemical synthesis or from edible beef tallow by acetone crystallization. 

Triglyceride Palm oil mid-fraction (% dry weight) Cocoa butter (% dry weight)... 

Sun, R. C. Fang, J. M. Tomkinson, J. Fractional isolation and structural characterization of lignins from oil palm trunk and empty fruit bunch fibres. J. Wood Chem. Technol. 1999, 19, 335-356. 

Palm and co-workers, as part of their research regarding the applicability of PSA, selected 20 compounds (Table 16.1) with quite reliable values for the percent fraction absorbed (%FA) in humans that were devoid of, or compensated for, problems such as active transport and efflux mechanisms [2]. The dataset consists of a variety of compounds drugs, drug-like compounds, as well as sugar-like structures. A number of studies based on this dataset using various structural descriptions have been performed [2, 17-22],... 

Other assays have been used to evaluate the antioxidant activity against H202 of several plant-based products, namely, fruit juices from different cultivars of berries (Wang and Jiao 2000), fractions rich in phenolics isolated from the aqueous by-products obtained during the milling of oil palm fruits (Balasundram and others 2005), cherry laurel fruit and its concentrated juice (Liyana-Pathirana and others 2006), and strawberries and blackberries treated with methyl jasmonate, allyl isothiocyanate, essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, and ethanol (Chanjirakul and others 2007). 

One of the main problems associated with beneficiation of the Kolwezi siliceous ore is the production of malachite and pseudomalachte slimes that have a relatively low flotation rate. Most of the copper losses occurring in the plant are in the -15 pm fraction. Experimental testwork conducted with a different palm oil emulsifier indicated that copper recovery from the fine fraction can be significantly improved with the use of petroleum sulphonate (Petrosol 845) as the emulsifier [21] for palm oil. Significant improvement in copper recovery was realized in the fine fractions with the use of palm oil emulsified with Petrosol 845. 

Traditional column chromatography has also been employed for the extraction of carotenoids from palm oil. Separations were carried out on silica columns, carotenoids were eluted with n-hexane while the free fatty acids of the oil were removed from the stationary phase with ethyl acetate. The recovery of the method was 45 per cent and the purity of the cartotenoid fraction about 20 per cent w/w [23],... 

Platzner I, Degani N (1990) Fractionation of stable calcium isotopes in tissues of date palm trees. Biomed Environ Mass Spect 19 822-824... 

A nonaqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NARP-HPLC) with refractive index (RI) detection was described and used for palm olein and its fractions obtained at 12.5°C for 12-24 h by Swe et al. (101). The objective of their research was to find the optimum separation for analysis of palm olein triglycerides by NARP-HPLC, and to find a correction factor to be used in calculating CN and fatty acid composition (FAC). The NARP-HPLC method used to determine the triglyceride composition was modified from the method of Dong DiCesare (88). Palm olein was melted completely at 70°C in an oven for 30 min prior to crystal-... 

The triglyceride chromatograms for palm olein solid fractions collected after 12,15,18, 21, and 24 h at low-temperature (12.5°C) storage were very similar. The unidentified peaks that appeared in the early region of the chromatograms were expected to be of partial glycerides. Evidence of a stable and straight baseline and the sharp and symmetrically defined peaks show the... 

Fractionated palm seed oil (medium-chain triglyceride)... 

Fractionated palm oil is a solid obtained by fractionation and hydrogenation and is used as a suppository base... 

Many of these ships depart for foreign ports without a cargo. For example, some of the European ships are sometimes routed to Singapore where they pick up palm oil for the trip back to Europe. However, these ships nearly always leave Western Australia with empty holds. Therefore, shipping charges out of WA for a chemical cargo would be only a fraction of that charged if a ship had to be provided for exclusive use (see Table B.9). 

The tropical oil crops, coconut and palm, are the most efficient oil-producing crops, with coconut plantations yielding up to 2 tonnes per hectare of oil and the best performing palm plantations from 5-6 tonnes per hectare. By comparison, oil yields of temperate oil crops are typically of the order of 1-2 tonnes per hectare for the best oil-yielding crops (oilseed rape and sunflower). Clearly, Table 2.1 represents only a small fraction of oil-bearing plant species. Many other seed, fruit and nut oils are extracted for food use, however unless they contain fatty acid profiles or fatty acid derivatives of specific industrial interest, total oil-yield, fatty acid yield and cost of the final oil product tends to limit their use in industrial applications on all but a small or localised scale. 

To obtain substantial yields of surfactant hydrophobes, especially in the most useful C12— 14 range, the choice is restricted to coconut, palm and palm kernel oils. In the C16-18 range, the same oils are also used but animal (normally beef) tallow can be used. The use of animal fats raises some ethical issues but these are not commonly used to produce anionic surfactants. The oils may be converted to methyl esters by transesterification which allows easier distillation to remove heavy/light fractions and the esters are finally hydrogenated to fatty alcohols. Alternatively, the fat or oil can be hydrolysed to fatty acid prior to esterification... 

High Cl6 0 Palm oil or fraction present palm oil and palm olein is also likely to raise oleic acid, while stearin is not so likely to do so... 

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