Paint derivatives

The pressures leading to new developments in industrial painting derive from the drive for better quality, the need for economy, and the demand for increased safety in the workplace and in the environment. 

Cyanuric chloride is also used for the synthesis of optical brighteners for the whitening of paper, textile finishing and brightening plastics and paints. Derivatives of flavic acid, e.g. 

An enamel is a paint based on a vehicle that dries to a considerably harder film than paints derived from unmodified drying oils. Paints and enamels are classified by type of finish as follows ... 

Exterior house paints derived from drying oils dry by reaction with the air. 

Chemical reaction with the air can continue long after the paint film is apparently dry to touch and, in fact, the paint film will change its chemical nature slowly all the time it is in use. This means that the properties of the paint film also change gradually. Glossy house paints derived from drying oils dry by reaction with the air. 

Resins formed from the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) with aldehydes. The formal derivative (from methanal) is used in wire coatings and adhesives and the bulyral (from butanal) is used in metal paints, wood-sealers, adhesives and in safety glass interlayers. 

Since double bonds are no longer present, these compounds are more stable than the corresponding furan derivatives. Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol—ethylene oxide adducts [31692-85-0] are also usehil solvents for paint stripping formulations (136,141,143). 2-Methylfuran is a good solvent, but... 

Emulsion Adhesives. The most widely used emulsion-based adhesive is that based upon poly(vinyl acetate)—poly(vinyl alcohol) copolymers formed by free-radical polymerization in an emulsion system. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is typically formed by hydrolysis of the poly(vinyl acetate). The properties of the emulsion are derived from the polymer employed in the polymerization as weU as from the system used to emulsify the polymer in water. The emulsion is stabilized by a combination of a surfactant plus a coUoid protection system. The protective coUoids are similar to those used paint (qv) to stabilize latex. For poly(vinyl acetate), the protective coUoids are isolated from natural gums and ceUulosic resins (carboxymethylceUulose or hydroxyethjdceUulose). The hydroHzed polymer may also be used. The physical properties of the poly(vinyl acetate) polymer can be modified by changing the co-monomer used in the polymerization. Any material which is free-radically active and participates in an emulsion polymerization can be employed. Plasticizers (qv), tackifiers, viscosity modifiers, solvents (added to coalesce the emulsion particles), fillers, humectants, and other materials are often added to the adhesive to meet specifications for the intended appHcation. Because the presence of foam in the bond line could decrease performance of the adhesion joint, agents that control the amount of air entrapped in an adhesive bond must be added. Biocides are also necessary many of the materials that are used to stabilize poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions are natural products. Poly(vinyl acetate) adhesives known as "white glue" or "carpenter s glue" are available under a number of different trade names. AppHcations are found mosdy in the area of adhesion to paper and wood (see Vinyl polymers). 

For the most part, additives control the appHcation or theological properties of a paint. These additives include materials for latex paints such as hydroxyethylceUulose, hydrophobicaHy modified alkah-soluble emulsions, and hydrophobicaHy modified ethylene oxide urethanes. Solvent-based alkyd paints typically use castor oil derivatives and attapulgite and bentonite clays. The volume soHds of a paint is an equally important physical property affecting the apphcation and theological properties. Without adequate volume soHds, the desired appHcation and theological properties may be impossible to achieve, no matter how much or many additives are incorporated into the paint. 

Pigment Dispersion. The alkan olamines and thek derivatives are useful in dispersing titanium dioxide and other pigments (209). Monoisopropanolamine and triethanolamine are particularly effective in aiding titanium dioxide dispersion in the production of Ti02 and in water-based paints (210). The alkan olamines are also an aid in the grinding of titanium dioxide (211). 

Dimethylethanolamine, diethylethanolaniine, and thek derivatives are used in pesticides, corrosion inhibitors, dmgs and pharmaceuticals, emulsification, paints and coatings, metal fabrication and finishing, petroleum and petroleum products, and plastics and resins (226). 

Among the aromatics, it was found that 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide [56-57-5] is a powerful carcinogen producing malignant tumors when painted on the skin of mice (80). It was further estabUshed that the 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 6-chloro derivatives of 4-nitro quinoline oxide are also carcinogens (81). 

Toners derived from 6-chlorometanilic acid [88-43-7] 6-amiao-4-chloro-y -toluene-sulfonic acid [88-51-7] and 6-arriino-y -toluenesulfonic acid [88-44-8] have improved fastness properties and find use in paints, inks, and plastics. 

The word alcohol, like alchemy, has its origins in the Middle East. The Arabs are said to have made cosmetic paints by heating and vaporizing a mixture of compounds. The residue was used to paint eyeUds and called "kohl." When they later heated wines, they gave the product the same name as the cosmetic "kohl" or "al kohl." The word whiskey is said to be derived from the Celtic "uisge baugh" or "water of life."... 

The largest volume commercial derivatives of 1-butanol are -butyl acrylate [141-32-2] and methacrylate [97-88-1] (10). These are used principally ia emulsion polymers for latex paints, ia textile appHcations and ia impact modifiers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride). The consumption of / -butanol ia the United States for acrylate and methacrylate esters is expected to rise to 182,000—186,000 t by 1993 (10). 

Butyl glycol ethers, the largest volume derivatives of -butyl alcohol used ia solvent appHcations (10), are obtained from the reaction of 1-butanol with ethylene oxide. The most important of these derivatives, 2-butoxyethanol, is used principally ia vinyl and acryHc paints as well as ia lacquers and varnishes. It is also employed ia aqueous cleaners to solubilize organic surfactants. 2-Butoxyethanol [111-76-2] has achieved some growth at the expense of the lower alkoxyethanols (ie, methoxy and ethoxyethanol) because of 2-butoxyethanol s lower toxicity. 

Butyl acetate [123-86-4], one of the more important derivatives of -butyl alcohol produced commercially, is employed as a solvent ia rapid dryiag paints and coatings. In some instances, butyl acetate, has replaced ethoxyethyl acetate [111-15-9] due to the latter s reported toxicity and... 

Branched-chain acids have a wide variety of industrial uses as paint driers (7), vinyl stabilizers (8), and cosmetic products (9). Cobalt and manganese salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid and neodecanoic acid are used as driers for paint, varnishes, and enamels litbium, magnesium, calcium, and aluminum salts of 2-ethyIhexanoic acid are used in the formation of greases and lubricants (see Driers and metallic soaps). Derivatives of isostearic acid have been used as pour point depressants in two-cycle engine oils, as textile lubricants, and in cosmetic formulations. Further industrial appHcations can be found (10). 

As a result of the diene addition reaction, CPD has been converted into innumerable derivatives, some of which are tabulated in Table 3. The products obtained from the diene addition reaction are extremely versatile chemicals suitable as intermediates for the production of plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, resins, paint driers, perfumes, and many other products. 

This anhydride can then be esterified with polyols yielding a polyester with a residual double bond available for further reaction. AppHcations for chlorendic anhydride derivatives are in polymers for building materials, paints, and other coatings. 

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